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[重点词汇]
various adj.各种各样的
compose vt.创作;撰写
convey vt.传递;表达
sorrow n. 悲伤;悲痛;伤心事 vi.感到悲伤
distinctive adj.独特的;有特色的
characteristic n.特征;特点;品质
economical adj.经济的
descriptive adj. 描写的;叙述的;描写性的
vivid adj.生动的;栩栩如生的
integrated adj.综合的;完整统一的
imagery n. 形象的描述;意象
literary adj. 文学的;爱好文学的;有文学作品特征的
metaphor n.暗喻;隐喻
rhyme n. 押韵诗
rhythm n. 节奏;韵律;规律
nursery rhyme 童谣;儿歌
folk adj.民间的;民俗的;普通百姓的
to the point切题的;中肯的
make sense有意义;讲得通
contradictory adj.矛盾的;对立的
recite vt. 背诵;吟诵;列举
description n.描写;描述
theme n.主题
flexible adj.灵活的;可弯曲的
amateur n. 业余爱好者 adj. 业余的;业余爱好的
cinquain n.五行诗
be made up of由……组成
haiku n. 俳句
consist of由……构成
syllable n.音节
format n.格式;总体安排 vt.格式化
respectively adv. 分别;各自;依次为
translation n.翻译;译文
delicate adj. 精美的;精致的;脆弱的
mockingbird n.嘲鸫
diamond n.钻石;金刚石;菱形
brass n.黄铜;黄铜制品;铜管乐器
billy goat 公山羊
bull n. 公牛
dewdrop n.露水;露珠
clover n.三叶草
lawn n.草坪;草地
athletic adj.健壮的;田径运动的
tease vi.&vt. 取笑(某人);逗弄
await vt. 等候;期待;将发生在
revolve vi. 旋转;环绕;将发生在
utter vt. 出声;说;讲
[词汇派生]
1.sorrow n. 悲伤;悲痛;伤心事 vi.感到悲伤
→sorrowful adj. 悲伤的;悲痛的;悲哀的
2.rhyme n.押韵词;押韵的短诗 vi.&vt. (使)押韵
→rhythm n. 节奏;韵律;规律
3.literary adj. 文学的;爱好文学的;有文学作品特征的
→literature n.文学;文学作品
4.recite vt. 背诵;吟诵;列举
→recitation n.背诵;吟诵
5.mood n.情绪;心情;语气
→moody adj. 情绪多变的;喜怒无常的
6.respective adj. 分别的;各自的
→respectively adv. 分别;各自;依次为
7.sympathy n. 同情;赞同
→sympathetic adj. 同情的;有同情心的;赞同的
[一词多义]
blank adj. 空白的;无图画(或韵律、装饰)的;没表情的;茫然的 n.空白;空格
①We could put some of the pictures over on that blank wall over there. 空白的
②Put a word in each blank to complete the sentence. 空格
③Abbot looked blank. “I don’t quite follow you,Sir.” 茫然的
[重点短语]
1. to the point切题;中肯
[教材原句P50] The language of these rhymes,like Poem A,is to the point but has a storyline.
这些童谣(如诗歌A)的语言简单明了,但有故事情节。
[例1] The explanation in this dictionary is concise and to the point.
这部词典里的释义简明扼要。
[例2] The letter was short and to the point.
这封信简短扼要。
[造句] 他话不多,但他说的话既准确又中肯。
He does not talk too much and what he has to say is precise and to the point.
[知识拓展]
beside/off the point 离题;跑题
There is no point in doing sth. 做某事毫无意义。
2 make sense有意义;讲得通
[教材原句P50] The poems may not make sense and even seem contradictory,but they are easy to learn and recite.
这些诗可能没有意义,甚至看起来自相矛盾,但它们很容易学习和背诵。
[例1] To me,this all just seems to make sense and I think it’s readable.
对于我来说,这一切似乎讲得通,我认为它是可读的。
[例2] What she referred to was so confusing that they could hardly make sense of it.
她所讲的话如此令人费解,他们搞不明白她是什么意思。
[造句] 和他争论没有任何意义。
It doesn’t make sense to argue with him.
[知识拓展]
make sense of 理解,弄懂
in a sense 在某种意义上
in no sense 决不(位于句首时句子用倒装语序)
There’s no sense in doing sth. 做某事没有意义。
3 be made up of 由……组成(构成)
[教材原句P51] Another simple form of poem that amateurs can easily write is the cinquain,which is made up of five lines.
另一种业余爱好者很容易写诗的简单形式是五行诗。
[例1] My diet is made up of rice and vegetables.
我日常的饮食包括米饭和蔬菜。
[例2] The medical team is made up of three doctors and five nurses.
这个医疗团队由3个医生和5个护士组成。
[造句] 大洋洲(Oceania)主要是由澳大利亚和新西兰组成的。
Oceania is mainly made up of Australia and New Zealand.
[知识拓展]
make up 构成,组成;补上;编造;化妆
make up for… 弥补
make out 理解;辨认出
4 tease vi.& vt.取笑(某人);招惹;逗弄;揶揄
[教材原句P51]Teasing,shouting,laughing
爱闹,爱叫,又爱笑
[例1] He teased me mercilessly about going Hollywood.
他毫不留情地嘲笑我想去好莱坞。
[例2] She is always teasing her mother for money.
她老是缠着母亲要钱。
[造句] 他好像心情不好。别去招惹他。
He seems very moody. Don’t tease him.
[知识拓展]
(1)tease sb.about… 取笑某人的……
(2)同义短语:
make fun of 取笑
laugh at 取笑;嘲笑
play a trick on 捉弄;戏弄
play a joke on 取笑;戏弄
5 consist of由……组成;由……构成
[教材原句P51] Haiku is a Japanese form of poetry that consist of 17 syllables.
俳句是一种日语诗歌形式,由17个音节组成。
[例1] What will life consist of on other planets?
在其他的星球上,生命将由什么组成?
[例2] Listening is thus an active,not a passive,behavior consisting of hearing,understanding and remembering.
聆听是一种积极的行为,而不是被动的接受,它包括听、理解和记忆。
[造句] 新的理事会将有大约20名财政部长。
The new council would consist of about 20 finance ministers.
[知识拓展]
(1)consist in 在于;存在于
consist with 与……一致
(2)be made up of=be composed of 由……组成
6 blank adj. 空白的;无图画(或韵律、装饰)的;没表情的 n. 空白;空格
[教材原句P52] Blank verse is probably one of the most common and influential forms of English poetry.
空白诗可能是英国诗歌中最常见、最有影响的形式之一。
[例1] Put a word in each blank to complete the sentence.
每个空格填入一个单词,把句子补充完整。
[例2] He tore a blank page from his notebook.
他从他的笔记本上撕下一页空白纸。
[造句] 我在她的桌子里找到一支铅笔和几张白纸。
I found a pencil and some blank paper in her desk.
[知识拓展]
go blank (屏幕等)出现空白;脑子突然一片空白
blankly adv. 呆呆地,木然地
7 correspondence n. 来往信件;通信联系
[教材原句P53] Browning fell in love with her poetry and then they entered into personal correspondence.
布朗宁爱上了她的诗歌,然后他们就开始了私人通信。
[例1] The editor welcomes correspondence from readers on any subject.
编辑欢迎读者有关任何问题的来信。
[例2] I’ve got through a lot of correspondence today.
今天我处理了一大批信件。
[造句] 我们保持了很多年的通信联系。
We kept up a correspondence for many years.
[知识拓展]
(1)hold/keep up correspondence with sb.与某人保持通信联系
in correspondence with 和……一致;与……有通信联系
(2)correspond with 和……通信;与……相一致;相符合
correspond to 相符合;匹配,相当
8 polish vt. 修改;润色;抛光 n.上光剂;抛光;擦亮
[教材原句P54] What does Nora mean by saying that she needs time to polish her writing?
诺拉说她需要时间来润色她的作品是什么意思?
[例1] I give it a polish now and again.
我不时把它擦亮。
[例2] He polished his glasses with a handkerchief.
他用手绢揩拭眼镜。
[造句] 这项声明是经仔细润色检查后才发表的。
The statement was carefully polished and checked before release.
[知识拓展]
polish off 很快做完;迅速吃光
polish up 擦亮;磨光;改善;润色
9 wherever引导让步状语从句
[教材原句P56]Wherever it blew,I should know…
无论它吹到哪里……
句式分析:wherever“无论在哪里”,引导让步状语从句。相当于no matter where。
[例1] Wherever she goes,there are crowds of people waiting to see her.
她所到之处都有成群的人等着见她。
[例2] Wherever he is,he will be thinking of you.
无论他在哪里,他都会想念你。
[造句] 无论到哪儿他都能随即适应新环境。
Wherever he goes,he readily adapts to new circumstances.
[知识拓展]
(1)wherever,whenever,however,whoever,whichever,whatever 等引导让步状语从句,相当于“no matter+疑问词”。
(2)whoever,whichever,whatever 等也可引导名词性从句,相当于anyone that 或anything that,但是“no matter+疑问词”不能引导名词性从句。
[重点句型]
“主语+be+adj.+to do”句型
[教材原句P50] The poems may not make sense and even seem contradictory,but they are easy to learn and recite.
这些诗可能没有意义,甚至看起来自相矛盾,但它们很容易学习和背诵。
句式分析:they are easy to learn and recite是“主语+be+adj.+to do”句型。该句型中不定式和句子的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系,但不定式用主动形式表达被动意义。
[例1] My new teacher and classmates are all easy to get along with.
我的新老师和新同学都很好相处。
[例2] Tom was easy to talk to.
汤姆是一个很容易与之交谈的人。
[造句] 新的高速公路大桥很难在这么短的时间内完工。
The new freeway bridge is hard to complete in such a short time.
[知识拓展]
(1)能用于“主语+be+adj.+to do”结构中的形容词有:easy,hard/difficult,comfortable,interesting,pleasant,safe,dangerous,impossible等,说明的是不定式的性质。
(2)“主语+be+adj.+to do”结构中,不定式中的动词若是不及物动词,其后要加上相应的介词。
while作连词的并列句
[教材原句P50]Some rhyme [like B and C],while others do not.
有些押韵(像B和C),而另一些不押韵。
句式分析:这是一个并列句,此句中的while作并列连词,表示前后两者的对比,意为“而;然而”。
[例1] He likes pop music,while I am fond of folk music.
他喜欢流行音乐,而我喜欢民间音乐。
[例2] While their country has plenty of oil,ours has none.
他们国家有充足的石油,而我们国家却没有。
[造句] 汤姆很擅长理科,而他的兄弟绝对是不可救药。
While Tom’s very good at science,his brother is absolutely hopeless.
[知识拓展]
(1)while用作从属连词,引导时间状语从句,意为“在……期间,当……的时候”。从句中的谓语动词通常是延续性动词。
(2)while用作从属连词,引导让步状语从句,意为“虽然,尽管”,相当于though。
(3)while用作从属连词,引导条件状语从句,意为“只要”,相当于as long as。
with+宾语+宾语补足语
[教材原句P51]With so many different forms of poetry to choose from,you may eventually want to write poems of your own.
有这么多不同形式的诗歌可供选择,你最终可能会想自己写诗。
句式分析:此句为复杂的简单句。句中“With so many different forms of poetry to choose from”为with的复合结构,在句中作原因状语。
[例1] With the old man to lead us,we’ll have no difficulty going through the forest.
有这位老人领着我们,我们将会毫不费力地穿过森林。
[例2] With the children at school,we can’t take our vacation when we want to.
由于孩子们在上学,所以当我们想度假时却不能去。
[造句] 还剩下10分钟,你最好快点。
With ten minutes to go,you’d better hurry.
[知识拓展]
“with+宾语+宾语补足语”称为with复合结构,此结构在句中常作时间、原因、方式、伴随状语。
其具体形式为:
with+宾语+done(表被动或完成)(+to do(表将来))
[语法]
定语从句
【观察例句】
1.Eric set sail once again,this time with 25 ships,of which only 14 made it to Greenland.
2.Eric reached Greenland and discovered that people could live in the place where he landed.
3.Biarni was the man with whom Leif discussed his plans.
4.By around 900AD,there were many places in Northern Europe where the Vikings chose to live.
【归纳用法】
一、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句概述
1.限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的一部分,若去掉,主句的内容就不完整,意义也会发生改变。从句和先行词的关系十分密切,从句紧跟先行词,两者之间不可用逗号隔开。
She has found the necklace (that) she lost two weeks ago.
她找到了那条两周前丢失的项链。
2.非限制性定语从句是对先行词的补充说明。没有它,主句也能独立存在;非限制性定语从句和先行词的关系不是很密切,两者之间用逗号隔开。
He has two sisters,who are working in the city.
他有两个姐姐,她们在城里工作。
[即学即练1] 单句语法填空
①The weather turned out to be very good,which was more than we could expect.
②Is this the museum where the exhibition was held?
二、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别
1.标点的运用有所不同
限制性定语从句一般紧跟在先行词后,其后不可用逗号分开;而非限制性定语从句也常放在先行词后,但必须用逗号与主句分开。
Who is the girl that is standing under the tree?
站在树下的那个女孩是谁?
He is a teacher of much knowledge,from whom much can be learned.
他是一个学识渊博的老师,从他那儿可以学到许多东西。
2.从句的作用不同
限制性定语从句对先行词起到修饰限制作用,是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语,一旦省略,主句的意思就不完整。而非限制性定语从句则是对一个概念清楚的先行词进行附加说明,若将其去掉,主句的意思仍然完整。
The next day,my brother and I went to the beach where we watched some people play volleyball.
第二天,我和弟弟去了海边。在那里,我们看到一些人在打沙滩排球。
Alice received a letter from her former classmate,which came as a surprise.
艾丽斯收到了她以前同学的一封信,这真是件令人惊奇的事情。
3.关系词的选用不同
限制性定语从句可以用关系代词who,whom,whose,that,which,关系副词when,where,why等引导,而非限制性定语从句不可用that或why来引导(上述引导词除了这两者以外均可用来引导非限制性定语从句)。
Yesterday he bought a new car,which was made in Japan.(which不可换用that)
昨天他买了一辆新车,是日本生产的。
He didn’t give the reason,which explained his absence from the meeting held last week.(which不可换用why,因为which在定语从句中作主语,而why只能在定语从句中作状语)
=He didn’t give the reason,for which he was absent from the meeting held last week.
他没有给出他上周没参加会议的理由。
4.从句所修饰的先行词有所不同
限制性定语从句的先行词通常是名词、代词或词组;而非限制性定语从句的先行词除了名词、代词外,还可以是句子。
This is the best book that I have ever read.
这是我曾经读过的书中的最好的一本。
He won the first prize in the contest,which was more than we expected.
他在比赛中得了一等奖,这一点真出乎我们预料。
5.关系词的省略不同
在限制性定语从句中,当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语或表语时,在口语中可以省略,关系副词有时也可省略。而非限制性定语从句中的关系代词或关系副词不可省略。
I still remember the days we spent together in college.(we前省略了that/which)
我仍然记得我们在大学时一起度过的日子。
She is not the one (that) she used to be.(that在定语从句中作表语)
她已不再是昔日的她了。
6.英译汉时有所不同,译成汉语时,往往把限制性定语从句的内容置于先行词之前;而非限制性定语从句和主句往往翻译成两个分句。
Which is the machine that we used last Sunday?
上星期天我们用的那台机器是哪一台?
The concert,which was held last week,was a great success.
那场音乐会是上周举行的,获得了巨大的成功。
He may be late,in which case we ought to wait for him.
他可能迟到,要是那样的话我们就等等他。
三、as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别
which | as | |
位置上 | 只能放在先行词的后面 | 位置灵活,可位于句前、句中,也可置于句后 |
搭配上 | 无动词的限制 | 谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词,如see,hear,know,expect,remember,guess,hope等 |
句意上 | 意为“这一点” | 表示“正如……,正像……的那样” |
The air quality in the city,as is shown in the report,has improved over the past two months.
正如报告所显示的,在过去的两个月里,这个城市的空气质量已有所改善。
After graduating from college,I took some time off to go travelling,which turned out to be a wise decision.
大学毕业后我抽出一部分时间去旅游,事实证明这是一个明智的选择。