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[词汇]
precise adj.准确的；精确的
definition n．定义
Christianity 基 督 教
realistic adj.现实的；逼真的
scene n．场景；场面
work n．著作
primitive adj.发展水平低的；原始的；远古的
twodimensional adj.二维的
character n．人物；角色
Giotto di Bondone乔托·迪·邦多纳(1267—1337)，意大利画家、雕塑家与建筑师，被认定为是意大利文艺复兴时期的开创者，被誉为“欧洲绘画之父”。
in particular 特别；尤其
set apart from使与众不同；使突出；使优于……
impact n．影响
replace v．代替；取代
as a result结果
concentrate on集中于
adopt vt.采用，采纳；收养
humanistic adj.人文主义的
breakthrough n．突破；重大进展
perspective n．透视法
influential adj.有很大影响力的；有支配力的
innovation n．创新
realism n．现实主义
photograph n．照片
photography n．照相术；摄影
as early as早在
height n．高；高度
reputation n．名誉；名声
shadow n．影；阴影
emphasis n．重点
shift vt.转移；挪动
noble n．贵族成员；出身高贵的人
purchase vt.购买；采购
accurate adj.精确的；准确的
historical adj.历史的
mythology n．神话；虚幻的想法
client n．委托人；当事人；客户
no longer不再
preserve v．保存；保留
emerge vi.&vt.出现；浮现；暴露
convey vt.表达；传递；传送
subjective adj.主观的
detailed adj.详细的；详尽的
focus on注意；集中于；聚焦于
blackandwhite photograph 黑白照片
seek v．寻找；寻求
outer adj.外边的；外围的
subsequent adj.随后的；后来的；之后的
analyse v．分析
exist v．存在
Cubism n．立体主义
quality n．质量；品质
[词汇派生]
1．real adj. 真实的；实际存在的；非凭空想象的；真的
→reality n. 事实
→realist n. 现实主义画家(或作家等)；现实主义者
→realism n．逼真；现实主义；务实作风
→realistic adj. 现实的；逼真的
2．human n．人
→humanity n．人性；人道；(统称)人类
→humanistic adj.人文主义的
3．influence n．影响 v．影响
→influential adj.有很大影响力的；有支配力的
4．emerge vi.&vt.出现；浮现；暴露
→emergence n．出现；兴起
5．sculpt v. 雕刻；雕塑；使具有某种形状
→sculptor n. 雕刻家；雕塑家→sculpture n. 雕像；雕刻品；雕刻术
[一词多义]
rank n．(尤指较高的)地位；级别；军 衔；行列 v. 把……分等级；排列；使排成行
①She was not used to mixing with people of high social rank. 级别
②He was soon promoted to the rank of captain. 军 衔
③The tasks have been ranked in order of difficulty. 分等级
④The report ranks the UK 20th out of 22 advanced nations. 排列
Words and Phrases
1[教材原句P2]In particular，his paintings are set apart from other paintings by their realistic human faces and deep emotional impact.
尤其是他的绘画作品，更是以其逼真的人物面貌和深刻的情感冲击而从其他绘画作品中脱颖而出。
(1)in particular尤其；特别
[例1] Why should he notice her car in particular?
他为什么会特别注意到她的车？
[例2] He loves science fiction in particular.
他特别喜欢科幻小说。
[造句] 他的发言是泛指一般情况，不是针对某一个人的。
His statement refers to people in general，not to anyone in particular.
[知识拓展]
in particular＝particularly 特别；尤其
be particular about 对……挑剔；对……讲究
be particular to… 为……所特有
(2)set apart from使与众不同；使突出；使优于……
[例1] Her clear and elegant writing sets her apart from other journalists.
她的文章清丽典雅，比其他记者高出一筹。
[例2] His strong views about life set him apart from most other Americans.
他有关生活的强烈观点，使他有别于大多数其他美国人。
[造句] 这样做让你在众多的候选人中脱颖而出。
Doing so can set you apart from other candidates.
[知识拓展]
set apart for 把(某物)留给……
set about 着手，开始做
set off 出发，启程，引起，使(炸弹等)爆炸
set out 出发，开始做
set aside 节省，保留
set up 建立，树立
set down 写下，放下
set free 释放
2 concentrate…on…把……集中于……
[教材原句P2]As a result，painters concentrated less on religious themes.
因此，画家对宗 教题材的关注较少。
[例1] It was up to him to concentrate on his studies and make something of himself.
是否能专心学习并取得一定成就要靠他自己。
[例2] This helps you to be aware of time and concentrates your mind on the immediate task.
这有助于你掌握时间，全神贯注于眼前的任务。
[造句] 假如你不更加专心地工作，你将被解雇。
If you don’t concentrate more on your work you’ll be dismissed.
[知识拓展]
(1)concentrate on (doing) sth. 专心(做)某事
concentrate one’s attention/effort/thoughts on/upon…
集中注意力/努力/思想于……
(2)concentration n. 专心；专注
3 influential adj. 有很大影响力的；有支配力的
[教材原句P2] Influential painters such as Leonardo da Vinci (1452－1519)，Michelangelo (1475－1564)，and Raphael (1483－1520) built upon Giotto and Masaccio’s innovations to produce some of the greatest art that Europe had ever seen.
一些颇具影响力的画家，例如莱昂纳多·达·芬奇(1452－1519)、米开朗基罗(1475－1564)和拉斐尔(1483－1520) ，在乔托和马萨乔的创新基础上继续发展，创作出欧洲前所未见的一些最伟大的艺术作品。
[例1] The MidAutumn Festival is an influential festival observed by us.
中秋节是我们过的一个有很大影响力的节日。
[例2] We can brainstorm a list of the most influential individuals in the company.
我们可以集体讨论，列出该公司中最有影响的人员的名单。
[造句] 他是现代爵士乐最有影响力的表演者之一。
He is one of the most influential performers of modern jazz.
[知识拓展]
influence n． 影响，作用，感化力；势力
v. 影响
have influence on 对……有影响
have influence over 有左右……的力量
under the influence of 在……影响下
4 emerge vi.&vt. 出现；浮现；暴露
[教材原句P3] From this，Impressionism emerged in France.
自此以后，印象派在法国出现了。
[例1] Richard was waiting outside the door as she emerged.
她出现的时候，理查德正在门外等着。
[例2] Mr.Shevardnadze emerged as a major figure in the reform movement.
谢瓦尔德纳泽先生逐渐成为改革运动的重要人物。
[造句] 这就造成了新疾病出现的机会。
This creates opportunities for new diseases to emerge.
[知识拓展]
(1)emerge from 出现；暴露(问题、意见等)
It emerges that… 暴露/出现……
(2)emergence n. 出现；兴起
5 convey vt.表达；传递(思想、感情等)；传送
[教材原句P3] In this work，Monet’s aim was to convey the light and movement in the scene—the subjective impression the scene gave him—but not a detailed record of the scene itself.
在他的作品中，莫奈的目的是传达场景中的光和运动——场景给他的主观印象，但不是对场景本身的详细记录。
[例1] A wire is used to convey an electric current.
电线是用来导电的。
[例2] Pipes convey hot water from the boiler to the radiators.
管道把热水从锅炉输送到暖气片。
[造句] 当你见到他时，不要忘记帮我向他问好。
Don’t forget to convey my regards when you see him.
[知识拓展]
convey sth. to sb. 向某人传达/传递某物
convey sb./sth. from A to B 把某人/某物从A地运送到B地
convey one’s feelings/meanings
表达感情/意思
6 focus on 关注；聚焦于
[教材原句P3] While many Impressionists painted scenes of nature or daily life，others，such as Renoir (1841－1919)，focused on people.
当许多印象派画家描绘自然或日常生活的场景时，其他人，如雷诺阿，则关注于人。
[例1] The talks will focus on economic development of the region.
会谈将着重讨论该地区的经济发展。
[例2] What I’m going to do in this lecture is focus on something very specific.
我在今天的讲座中将主要探讨一些非常具体的问题。
[造句] 这里我想着重讲一个问题。
Here I would like to focus on one question in particular.
[知识拓展]
focus v.集中；聚焦
n. 中心点；焦点
focus…on/upon… 把……集中于……
bring…into focus 使……成为焦点
in focus 对准焦点；清晰
out of focus 没对准焦点；不清晰
7 fond adj. 喜爱
[教材原句P3] Why are you fond of it?
你为什么喜欢它？
[例1] Over the years，I have grown quite fond of her.
经过这么多年，我越来越喜欢她了。
[例2] He is fond of playing football.
他喜欢踢足球。
[造句] 我们已经喜欢上了这座房子，不想搬家。
We had grown fond of the house and didn’t want to leave.
[知识拓展]
be fond of 喜爱；喜欢
be into doing sth. 喜欢，对……有兴趣
enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做……
be crazy about 着迷于……，迷恋上……
go in for 爱好，参加
8 representative adj. 典型的；有代表性的 n．代表
[教材原句P6] These pictures are representatives of ink wash animation films.
这些图片是水墨动画电影的代表。
[例1] Employees from each department elect a representative.
每个部门的员工选举一名代表。
[例2] Is a questionnaire answered by 500 people truly representative of the population as a whole?
由500人参加的问卷调查能真正代表所有民众吗？
[造句] 他似乎想当然地认为他应该以代表的身份发言。
He seemed to take it for granted that he should speak as a representative.
[知识拓展]
represent vt. 代表；表现；描绘
represent…as… 把……描绘成……
represent sb. to be/as 宣称某人为/是……
represent sth. to sb. 向某人说明某事，向某人传达某事
9 decline n. (数量、价格、质量等的)减少；下降；衰落 vi.&vt. 减少；下降；衰落；谢绝
[教材原句P6] an explanation of the decline in ink wash animation
水墨动画的衰落的解释
[例1] The company reported a small decline in its profits.
公司报告其利润略有减少。
[例2] Her health was declining rapidly.
她的健康状况迅速恶化。
[造句] 他们的发言人拒绝对这些指控加以评论。
Their spokesman declined to comment on the allegations.
[知识拓展]
(1)decline(from…)to… (从……)下降/减少到……
decline by 下降/减少了……
decline doing/to do sth. 婉言拒绝做某事
(2)fall/go into a decline 开始衰落，衰弱下去；走下坡路
a decline in ……的下降
in decline＝on the decline 在下降，在衰退
10 recognition n. 承认；认出；赞誉
[教材原句P8] In time，he gained recognition as one of the greatest artists China has ever known.
随着时间的推移，他被公认为中国有史以来最伟大的艺术家之一。
[例1] He glanced briefly towards her but there was no sign of recognition.
他瞥了她一眼，但似乎没认出她来。
[例2] There is a general recognition of the urgent need for reform.
人们普遍认识到迫切需要改革。
[造句] 她的工作得到极少的赞誉。
She gained minimal recognition for her work.
[知识拓展]
(1)beyond recognition 认不出来
(2)recognise vt. 辨认出；承认；认可
recognise sb./sth. as… 承认……是……
be recognised as… 被公认为……
recognise that… 承认……；意识到……
11 guarantee vt. 保证；确保；肯定……必然发生 n．保证；保修单；担保物
[教材原句P8] We guarantee that “From Shang to Qing: Chinese Art Through the Ages” will transport you to another time with its amazing collection of works.
我们保证“从商朝到清朝：中国艺术历久弥新”将您带到有着惊人的作品收藏的另一个时代。
[例1] He gave me a guarantee that it would never happen again.
他向我保证这种事情绝不会再发生。
[例2] The television comes with a year’s guarantee.
这台电视机有一年的保修期。
[造句] 我们不能保证我们的所有航班均不误点。
We cannot guarantee (that) our flights will never be delayed.
[知识拓展]
(1)guarantee sb. sth.(＝ensure sb. sth.)保证某人得到某物
guarantee to do sth. 保证做某事
guarantee that… 确保……
guarantee sth. for some time 对……保修多久
(2)give sb. a guarantee that… 向某人保证……
under guarantee 在保修期内
12 worthy adj.值得……的；有价值的
[教材原句P10] If you are not interested in works of art by classical masters，contemporary art by representative artists is also worthy of your attention.
如果你对古典大师的艺术作品不感兴趣，当代艺术的代表性也值得你关注。
[例1] A number of the report’s findings are worthy of note.
这份报告里有些调查结果值得注意。
[例2] They thought the feminist label was too worthy.
他们觉得女权主义者这个称谓太抬举她们了。
[造句] 我们为人民而死，就是死得其所。
When we die for the people, it is a worthy death.
[知识拓展]
be worthy of＋n. 值得……
be worthy of being done/be worthy to be done某事值得被做……
It is/was worthwhile doing/to do sth. 做某事是值得的
be worth＋n. 值得……，值……
be worth doing 某事值得被做
[重点句式]
1. while引导让步状语从句
[教材原句P2]While his paintings still had religious themes，they showed real people in a real environment.
虽然他的画仍然有宗 教主题，但它们展示了真实环境中的真实人物。
句式分析：句中的while引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管；虽然”，相当于although。
[例1] While I see what you say，I can’t agree with you.
虽然我能理解你说的话，但是我不能同意你。
[例2] While the work was difficult，it was interesting.虽然工作有难度，但很有趣。
[造句] 虽然他很爱他的学生，但是他对他们要求很严格。
While he loves his students，he is strict with them.
[知识拓展]
(1)while还可以作连词，引导时间状语从句，意为“当……时候；在……期间”；
(2)while可以作并列连词，连接并列句，意为“然而”。
[翻译] ①Jim Coulters will mind the store while I’m away(我不在的时候)．
②I like playing football while you like playing basketball(然而你喜欢打篮球)．
2. not…but…不是……，而是……
[教材原句P3]He sought to show not just the outer image of his subjects，but their inner warmth and humanity as well.
他不仅要表现他主题的外在形象，还要表现他们内心的温暖和人性。
句式分析：句中的not…but…表示“不是……，而是……”，连接两个并列的句子成分，当连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词必须与靠近的主语的人称和数保持一致。
[例1] Reading is fun，not because the writer is telling you something，but because it makes your mind work.
读书之所以有趣，不是因为作者告诉了你什么，而是因为书本促使你思考。
[例2] I did it not because I liked it but because I had to do it.
我做这事不是因为我喜欢它，而是因为我必须做。
[造句] 不是他说的话而是他做的事令人难忘。
It is not the words he says but the things he does are unforgettable.
[知识拓展]
除了not…but…用就近原则，常见的还有：either…or…；neither…not…；not only…but also…等。
3. be thought to…句型
[教材原句P8]Some of the items on display are thought to have come from the collection of Emperor Qianlong (1711－1799)，a great admirer of Shang Dynasty bronze.
一些展品被认为是出自殷商青铜的崇拜者乾隆皇帝的收藏。
句式分析：sb./sth. be said/thought/believed…to do据说/据认为/据信……
上述结构可以转换为以下结构：
It is said that…据说……
It is thought that…据认为……
It is believed that…人们相信……
[例1] It is said that his child is lost.
据说他的孩子不见了。
[例2] He is often thought to help people in need.
人们常认为他能帮助有需要的人。
[造句] 人们相信他们能够提前完成这项任务。
It’s believed that they can finish the task ahead of time.
[语法]
不定式作表语
【观察例句】
1．Perhaps the best way to understand Western art is to look at the development of Western painting over the centuries.
2．During the Middle Ages，the purpose of Western art was to teach people about Christianity.
3．In this work，Monet’s aim was to convey the light and movement in the scene.
4．What they attempted to do was no longer show reality，but instead to ask the question，“What is art？”
【归纳用法】
一、不定式作表语的用法
1．表目的
The purpose of education is to develop a fine personality in children.
教育的目的是发展儿童完美的品格。
2．表示事态发展的结果、预期的结果、不幸的命运或语言。
You must speak out，if we are to remain friends.
如果我们还想继续做朋友的话，你就必须痛痛快快地把话都说出来。
3．用于第一人称问句，表示征求意见。
What am I to say if they ask me the question?
要是他们问我这个问题，我该怎么回答呢？
4．表示“同意、安排、命令、决定、劝告、意愿、禁止”等。
They are to marry next week.
他们将在下周结婚。(安排)
二、不定式和现在分词作表语的区别
1．动词不定式作表语，通常表示具体的或将来的动作。
Our first assignment was to read two short stories.
我们的首要任务是读两篇短篇故事。
2．现在分词作表语，表示抽象的一般行为。
My work is teaching Chinese.
我的工作是教语文。
三、不定式作表语to的省略
1．当主语thing这个词被动词不定式修饰时，作表语的不定式符号“to”可以省略。
The thing for us to do is accept the challenge.
我们要做的事情就是要接受挑战。
2．当主语是带有动词“do”的由“what”引导的主语从句时，其表语的动词不定式符号“to”可以省略。
What they want to do is have a good sleep.
他们想要做的就是好好睡一觉。
3．当句子主语被动词“do”作谓语的定语从句修饰的anything，all，all that，the only thing，the only way，或者thing前面有序数词first，second，last等修饰时，其表语动词不定式的符号“to”可以省略。
The only thing you have to do is press the button.
你要做的唯一的事情就是按一下按钮。