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[重点单词短语]
1. technique
n. 技能；技术；技艺
–have a technique for 有……的技术
–technique in ……方面的技术
例句
①They learn basic techniques in self-defenses.
他们学习基本的自卫技巧。
②Dick Fosbury had a new technique for doing the high jump.
迪克·福斯贝里有一项跳高的新技术。
2. sense of touch触觉
sense of responsibility/duty 责任感，责任心
sense of humor 幽默感，幽默
sense of belonging 归宿感，归属感
sense of smell 嗅觉
sense of beauty 美感；审美感
sense of direction 方向感
例句
①Good chef must have a good sense of smell.
好厨师必须有好嗅觉。
②He had a poor sense of direction and soon got lost.
他方向感很差，一会儿就迷路了。
③He is distinguished for his sense of humor．
他以其幽默感著称。
3. minor adj. 较小的；次要的；轻微的
(1)a minor matter 小事
a minor party 少数党
(2)minority n. [U，C]少数民族；少数
a/the minority of 少数的
be in the/a minority 占少数
例句
①This is a minor matter, but I actually think it is my life biggest pain.
这是一件小事，但我却认为这是我一生最大的痛苦。
②It is reported that women are in the minority at the meeting.
据报道，妇女在会议中占少数。
③It’s clear that only a minority of people support these new laws.
很明显，只有少数人支持这些新法律。
4. loose adj. 松的；未系紧的；宽松的
at a loose end 无所事事；无事可做
break loose from 摆脱，挣脱
have (got) a loose tongue 说话没遮拦
on the loose 在逃；不受约束
例句
①I’m at a bit of a loose end this afternoon. Do you fancy a game of tennis?
今天下午我有点闲，你喜欢打网球吗？
②Be careful what you tell Sam—she’s got a very loose tongue, you know.
你跟萨姆说话要小心——你知道，她的嘴很松的。
③There are ten prisoners on the loose.
有十名囚犯在逃。
5. urgent adj. 紧急的；急迫的；急切的
(1)an urgent problem 急迫的问题
be urgent for sb. to do sth. 急切地催促某人做某事
It is most urgent that… ……很紧急
(2)urgently adv. 紧急地，急迫地
例句
①“Do you see it?” he demanded urgently.
“你看见了吗？”他急切地问道。
②It is most urgent that the patient should get to hospital.
病人必须立即送往医院。
③She was urgent for the doctor to come.
她急着要医生来。
6. ease vt. 减轻；缓解 vi.& vt. 使容易；使顺利 n. 容易；舒适；自在
(1)take one’s ease 使某人放松一下
at ease 舒适；快活；自由自在
put sb. at ease 使某人感到轻松自在； 使某人安心
feel/look at ease 感到/看上去心情放松
with ease 容易地；毫不费劲地
(2)ease sb. of sth. 减轻某人的(痛苦、负担等)
例句
①He handed her a cup of coffee to put her at ease.
他递给她一杯咖啡让她放松。
②I don’t feel at ease in the strange place.
在这个陌生的地方，我觉得很不自在。
③This medicine will ease you of your pain.
这种药会缓解你的痛苦。
④Now he can set his mind at ease because he has passed the examination with ease.
现在他可以放心了，因为他已经轻松地通过了考试。
7. panic vi.& vt. (使)惊慌 n. 惊恐；恐慌
(1)panic over/at 因……而恐慌；对……感到惊慌失措
panic sb. into doing sth. 使某人惊慌地做某事
(2)get into a panic 陷入恐慌(动作)
be in a panic 陷入恐慌(状态)
例句
①He panicked over/at this accident.
他对这次事故惊慌失措。
②Many landowners were panicked into leaving the country at that time.
当时许多地主都惊慌失措地离开了这个国家。
③She got into a panic when she couldn’t find the tickets.
她找不到票，惊慌失措。
④The girl is in a panic. Try to help her calm down.
这个女孩惊慌失措，设法帮助她冷静下来。
8. interrupt
vi.& vt. 打断；打扰 vt. 使暂停；使中断
(1)interrupt sb./sth. (with sth.) (因某事)打断某人/某事
be interrupted by 被……打断
(2)interruption n. 打扰；插嘴；打岔；阻断物
without interruption 连续地；不断地
例句
①It is bad manners to interrupt a speaker with frequent questions.
用频繁的问题打断演讲者是不礼貌的。
②Let’s go somewhere where we can talk without interruption.
我们找个不受打扰的地方谈谈吧。
③They were interrupted by a sudden and urgent knock at the door.
他们被一阵突然而紧急的敲门声打断了。
9. scream vi.& vt. (因愤怒或恐惧)高声喊；大声叫 n. 尖叫；尖锐刺耳的声音
scream at 朝……尖叫
scream for 为……而喊叫
scream out 尖声喊出；尖叫着
例句
①The trapped passengers screamed for help.
被困的乘客大声呼救。
②She screamed at me to get out of the way.
她冲我尖叫，让我走开。
③She screamed out that she had lost her passport.
她尖声嚷着她把护照弄丢了。
10. desperate adj. 绝望的；孤注一掷的；非常需要的
(1)be desperate about 对……绝望
be desperate for 极想要……
be desperate to do… 渴望做某事
(2)desperately adv. 绝望地；不顾一切地；拼命地
例句
①The man in the river desperately tried to reach the side.
河里的那个人拼命地想游到岸边。
②He was desperate for work to provide food for his children.
为了孩子们供吃，他拼命地找工作。
③He is desperate to pursue his vocation as an artist.
他不顾一切地追求艺术家的职业。
11. justify vt. 证明……有道理；为……辩护；是……的正当理由
justify (doing) sth. 证明……正当
justify…to 向……证明……合理
justify oneself in doing… 在做某事证明自己
例句
①How will you justify this pay cut to your employees?
你将如何向员工证明这次减薪是合理的？
②The decision is justified on the grounds that there is no realistic alternative.
这一决定是合理的，因为没有切实可行的替代办法。
③He is fully justified in doing so.
他这样做是完全正当的。
[重点句型]
1. As you can imagine, getting burnt can lead to very serious injuries.
正如你想象的那样，烧伤会导致非常严重的伤害。
句中As you can imagine 是关系代词as引导的非限制性定语从句，as指代整个主句的内容，作imagine的宾语。
(1)as引导非限制性定语从句时，指代整个主句的内容，置于主句的前、中、后均可，意为“正如……”。
(2)as在非限制性定语从句中作主语时，通常可用it作形式主语，后接that引导的主语从句或用what引导的主语从句来转换。
(3)引导限制性定语从句。这时，其先行词的前面通常有such，the same 修饰，构成the same…as，such…as结构。
例句
①This man, as you know, is good for nothing.
你也知道，这个人一无是处。
②He borrowed the same book as the one I am reading.
他借的书和我正在读的那本一样。
③Einstein, as is well known, is a famous scientist.
＝It is well known that Einstein is a famous scientist.
＝What is well known is that Einstein is a famous scientist.
众所周知，爱因斯坦是位著名的科学家。
2. Remove any clothes using scissors if necessary, unless you see the fabric sticking to the burnt skin.
如果有必要的话，用剪刀剪掉衣服，除非你看到布料粘在烧焦的皮肤上。
句中if necessary为if it is necessary的省略结构。
if possible 如果可能的话
if so 假如这样的话
if not 假如不是这样的话；不然的话；否则
if ever 即使有
例句
①I might see you tomorrow. If not, then it’ll be Saturday.
我可能明天去看你。如果不是明天，那就是周六。
②If possible, I wish to go there next summer.
如果可能，我希望明年夏天去那里。
③They think she may try to phone. If so, someone must stay here.
他们认为她可能来电话。要是这样的话，就得有人守在这儿。
④He seldom, if ever, goes to the movies by himself.
他不会，即使有也很少，单独去看电影的。
3. Chen Wei, a high school student in Beijing, had his dinner interrupted when he heard someone screaming from another table.
陈伟是北京的一名高中生，当他听到另一张桌子上有人在尖叫时，他的晚餐被打断了。
句中had his dinner interrupted是“have＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构，his dinner与动词interrupt之间为被动关系，故用过去分词作宾补。
(1)have/get sth. done可以表示：使某事被做(主语有意识的行为，可能是主语自己做，也可能是让别人做)；遭遇/经历(此事违背主语的意愿)。
若宾语和宾补之间是主动关系则用：
(2)have sb. do sth. (do强调做某事这一事实)
(3)have sb./sth. doing (doing强调持续进行某一动作)
例句
①There’s something wrong with my computer, so I have to have/get it repaired．
我的电脑出了问题，所以我得让人修理一下。
②He was very funny and had us laughing all the way.
他非常滑稽，一路上逗得我们笑个不停。
③The boss often has them work for 14 hours a day．
老板经常要他们一天工作14 个小时。
注意
have sth. done相当于make/get sth. done；不管“have sth. done”结构表示何种意义，sth.与done之间都存在着逻辑上的动宾关系。
[语法：动词ing]
一、关于动词ing形式的基本情况
1. 动词ing形式是动词的一种非谓语形式，包括现在分词和动名词两种。
动词ing形式在句中的语法作用：动名词在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，现在分词在句中作状语、宾语补足语和定语。
2. 动词ing形式的时态和语态
主动语态被动语态一般式doing，being done完成式having，having been done
①Reading aloud is a good way to learn a language.
大声朗读是学习语言的一种好方法。
②Having studied his lessons very hard, he passed the exam.
努力学习了功课, 他通过了考试。
③The building being built now will be finished next month.
正在建设的建筑物下个月将完工。
④Having been laughed at for his lameness, the boy became shy and inhibited.
那男孩因跛脚被人讥笑, 变得羞怯。
二、动词ing形式作主语
1. 动词ing形式作主语
动词ing形式作主语，往往表示经常性、习惯性的动作，通常置于句首。
①Saying is one thing, and doing is another.
说是一回事，而做是另一回事。
②Having a walk every day helps to make one keep healthy.
每天散步有助于一个人保持健康。
注意
动名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
Climbing mountains is really difficult for the old.
对于老人来说爬山确实困难。
2. 形式主语it代替动词ing形式作主语
此类句式常见的有：
It’s a waste of time doing sth.做某事是浪费时间
It’s useless/worthwhile doing sth.做某事没用/是值得的
It’s no good/use/fun doing sth.做某事没好处/没用/没意思
①It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us.
劝说这种人加入我们是浪费时间。
②It is no good/use regretting for the past.
悔恨过去是没用的。
③It’s useless arguing with them.
跟他们争论是徒劳无益的。
3. 动词ing形式和to do作主语时的区别
动词ing形式和to do都可以作主语。动词ing形式作主语表示比较抽象的一般行为，to do作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。
①Playing with fire is dangerous.
玩火危险。(泛指)
②Singing is my hobby, and to sing at my friend’s birthday party is my dream.
唱歌是我的爱好，在朋友的生日宴会上唱歌是我的梦想。
三、动词ing形式作宾语
1. 作动词的宾语
接动词ing形式作宾语的常用动词(短语)有：
avoid，miss，delay/put off 避免错过少延期advise，finish，practise 建议完成多练习
enjoy，imagine，can’t help 喜欢想象禁不住
admit，deny，envy 承认否定与嫉妒
escape，risk，excuse 逃避冒险莫原谅
stand，keep，mind 忍受保持不介意
①He admitted referring to his notes in the exam.
他承认在考试中查阅了笔记。
②She can’t stand being looked down upon in public.
她忍受不了在公众场合被人看不起的感觉。
③Would you mind opening the window?
你介意打开窗子吗？
④He tried to avoid answering my questions.
他试图对我的问题避而不答。
2. 作介词的宾语
在下面的短语中，常用动词ing形式作介词的宾语： be good at，dream of，care about，be concerned about，be interested in，feel like，insist on，think of，aim at，set about，be used to习惯于；get down to开始做；lead to导致；devote oneself to献身于……；look forward to期待；stick to坚持；pay attention to注意。
例句
①I dream of sailing around the world and leading a happy life.
我梦想着环游世界，过上幸福的生活。
②He insisted on doing it in his own way.
他坚持要按照自己的方法做。
③I’m looking forward to your coming next time.
我期待着你下一次的到来。
④Because of the bad weather，they have to give up going out for a picnic tomorrow.
因为天气不好，他们不得不放弃明天的外出野餐。
3. 在以下结构中，动词ing形式作介词的宾语，介词常省略。
spend…(in) doing 花费……做某事
have difficulty/trouble (in) doing… 做……有困难/麻烦
stop/prevent…(from) doing 阻止……做某事waste time (in) doing 浪费时间做某事
be busy (in) doing 忙于做某事
have a good/hard time (in) doing 高兴做某事/费了很大劲做某事
There is no point (in) doing 做某事毫无意义
例句
①He is always busy working every day，which has made him have little time to play with his child.
他每天总是忙于工作，这使他很少有时间和孩子一起玩。
②There is no point giving him such a good chance.
给他提供这样一个好机会没有意义。
4. 动词ing形式作宾语时的几个特殊情况
(1)动词ing的复合结构。
名词（宾格）/名词’s所有格/代词（宾格）/形容词性物主代词＋动词ing
①Would you mind my/me closing the window?
你介意我关上窗户吗？
②Would you mind Mary’s/Mary closing the window?
你介意玛丽关上窗户吗？
注意
动词ing的复合结构的否定形式为：形容词性物主代词/代词(宾格)/名词(宾格)/名词’s所有格＋not doing…。
(2)某些动词及动词短语后面既可以用不定式也可以用动词ing作宾语。
①动词begin，start，continue等词后既可跟不定式，又可跟动词ing作宾语，意义基本相同。
They continued discussing/to discuss the plan after having a rest.
休息了一会后，他们继续讨论这项计划。
②动词love，like，hate等后可跟动词ing和不定式作宾语，但接动词ing表示经常性的情况，接不定式表示具体的动作。
I love walking with my friend on a sunny day.(习惯)
我喜欢和朋友在一个阳光明媚的日子里散步。
It is a pleasant day today，so I love to have a walk with my friend.(具体)
今天是个令人愉快的日子，所以我想和朋友一起散散步。
③一些动词后既可跟动词ing作宾语，又可跟不定式作宾语，但意义有很大差别。
He forgot turning the light off.
他忘记他已经关了灯。
The light in the office is still on.He forgot to turn it off.
办公室的灯还亮着。他忘记关了。
注意
对比记忆作宾语的动词含义
go on doing sth. 继续做同一件事
go on to do sth. 接着做另一件事
forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事
forget to do sth. 忘记要做某事
try doing sth. 试着做某事
try to do sth. 努力做某事
remember doing sth. 记得做过某事
remember to do sth. 记住要做某事
regret doing sth. 后悔做了某事
regret to do sth. 很遗憾要做某事
mean doing … 意味着做……
mean to do … 打算/意欲做……
stop doing sth. 停止正在做的事情
stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事
can’t help doing … 禁不住做……
can’t help to do … 不能帮着去做……
①They stopped to have a look at the fantastic scenery.
他们停下来，看了看这美妙绝伦的风景。
②They stopped working and had a rest.
他们停止工作，休息了一下。
(3)用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语是动词ing形式。
其结构如下：
主语＋think/consider/find/feel/believe＋it＋useless/no use/no good＋doing…
①I found it useless/no use arguing about it.
我发现争论这件事没有用。
②Do you consider it any good trying again?
你觉得再试会有用吗？
(4)在动词need，require，want，deserve后，用动词ing形式表示被动含义，即need/require/want/deserve doing＝need/require/want/deserve to be done。
①These clothes need washing.
＝These clothes need to be washed.
这些衣服需要洗。
②The house requires repairing.
＝The house requires to be repaired.
这座房子需要修理。
(5)在(be) worth后面只能用动词ing形式来表示被动含义。
The film is worth seeing a second time.
这部电影值得再看一次。
四、动词ing形式作表语
作表语的动词ing形式包括现在分词和动名词。
1. 动名词(短语)作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为，用来说明主语的内容，与主语通常是同一概念，表语和主语常可互换位置。
①One of his weaknesses is telling lies.
＝Telling lies is one of his weaknesses.
他的缺点之一就是说谎。
②His hobby is reading books in his spare time.
＝Reading books in his spare time is his hobby.
他的爱好是在业余时间读书。
2. 现在分词(短语)作表语，表示主语的某种性质和特征，这类分词通常可以看作形容词。
①Her performance is very entertaining, which brings us much pleasure.
她的表演非常有趣， 给我们带来很多乐趣。
②The trip is very exciting, and we have decided to have a similar one.
这次旅行很是激动人心， 我们已决定再进行一次类似的旅行。
注意
作表语的现在分词，许多是由能够表示人们某种感情或情绪的动词变化而来的。常见的有：moving，interesting，encouraging，exciting，inspiring，boring，surprising，puzzling，amusing，astonishing…这类分词有“令人……的”的含义，常修饰物。
五、动词ing作定语
1. 动名词(短语)作定语，表示名词的属性、作用或用途，作“供……用”讲，常置于被修饰的名词前。
①There is a swimming pool in our school.
我们学校有一个游泳池。
②Students are not permitted to speak aloud in the reading room.
在阅览室里学生们不许大声喧哗。
2. 现在分词(短语)作定语，表示所修饰词的动作或状态，被修饰词与现在分词之间是主动关系，相当于一个定语从句。
①The boys gathering at the school gate are my classmates.
＝The boys who are gathering at the school gate are my classmates.
聚集在校门口的那些男孩是我的同学。
②The girl performing on the stage has a gift for dance.
＝ The girl who is performing on the stage has a gift for dance.
那个在舞台上表演的女孩有舞蹈天赋。
注意
单个的现在分词作定语时，放在被修饰词前；现在分词短语作定语时，则放在被修饰词后。
六、动词ing形式作宾语补足语
动词ing形式作宾语补足语时，表示正在进行的动作或经常存在的状态。动词ing形式常作以下动词的宾语补足语。
1. 动词ing位于感官动词后：feel，smell，listen to，hear，watch，see，notice，observe 等。
①I felt someone patting me on the shoulder.
我感觉有人在拍我的肩膀。
②When he passed the swimming pool, he saw someone swimming in it.
当他经过游泳池时， 他看见有人在游泳。
注意
动词ing与动词不定式在感官动词后的意义
在see，hear，watch等感官动词后，用动词ing形式作宾语补足语表示动作正在进行；用省略to的不定式作宾语补足语表示动作从开始到结束的全过程。
①I heard Mary singing in the next room.(动作正在进行)
我听到玛丽在隔壁唱歌。
②I heard Mary sing a song in the next room last night.(动作全过程)
昨晚我听到玛丽在隔壁唱歌。
2. 动词ing位于使役动词后：have，keep，get，leave，set，make，send等。
①She couldn’t have him getting away with telling lies.
她不能容忍他撒了谎而不受惩罚。
②Please don’t keep the little boy staying alone.
不要让这个男孩独自待着。
3. 用于with复合结构中
①I couldn’t do my homework with the noise going on.
由于噪音不断，我没法做家庭作业。
②With so many people looking at her，she feels nervous.
这么多人看着她，她感到很紧张。
七、动词ing形式作状语
1. 作时间状语
Hearing the news, he couldn’t help laughing.
＝When he heard the news, he couldn’t help laughing.
一听到那个消息，他禁不住大笑起来。
2. 作原因状语
Not knowing her address, I had better telephone her to come over.
＝As I don’t know her address, I had better telephone her to come over.
由于不知道她的地址，我还是打电话让她过来为好。
3. 作条件状语
Working hard, you’ll surely succeed.
＝If you work hard, you’ll surely succeed.
如果努力工作，你就一定会成功。
4. 作结果状语
The child slipped and fell, hitting his head against the door.
＝The child slipped and fell, and hit his head against the door.
那个男孩滑了一跤，头撞到了门上。
注意
现在分词作结果状语，是随着谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果，而不定式作结果状语时常表示出乎意料的结果，有时前面可以加only。
I hurried to school, only to find it was Sunday.
我匆忙赶到学校，结果发现是星期天。
5. 作让步状语
Having been told many times, he still didn’t learn these rules by heart.
＝Although he had been told many times, he still didn’t learn these rules by heart.
尽管被告知了很多次，他还是没把这些规定记住。
6. 作伴随状语
①Morris lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time.
＝Morris lay on the grass and stared at the sky for a long time.
莫里斯躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。
②The boy sat in front of the farmhouse, cutting the branches.
＝The boy sat in front of the farmhouse, and cut the branches.
那个男孩坐在农舍前砍树枝。
7. 作方式状语
He came running back to tell me the news.
他跑回来告诉我这个消息。
注意
动词ing形式作状语时，相当于与之对应的状语从句，但是当作伴随状语及结果状语时，可转化为并列谓语。
8. 现在分词作状语时的注意事项
(1)现在分词的时态
现在分词作状语时，要注意分词的时间性，是用现在分词的一般式(doing)，还是用完成式(having done)。
①当现在分词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生时，用分词的一般式。
Walking in the street, I met an old friend of mine.
我正在大街上行走时，遇到了一位老朋友。(walking和谓语动词met同时发生)
②当现在分词的动作先发生，而谓语动词的动作后发生时，用分词的完成式。
Having finished the letter, he went to post it.
他写完信后就把它寄了出去。(having finished是先发生的，went是后发生的)
(2)现在分词的语态
使用现在分词的主动式还是被动式，这主要取决于现在分词和句子主语之间的关系。句子的主语就是分词的逻辑主语。
Having been shown around the factory, they were very happy.(现在分词的被动式)
被领着参观了工厂后，他们很高兴。
Having finished his homework，he went to bed.(现在分词的主动式)
完成了作业后，他上床睡觉。
(3)动词ing形式的否定式：not＋v.ing；not having＋v.ed
Not knowing this, he didn’t come.
他不知道这件事，所以没来。
Not having made full preparations, we put off the sports meeting.
因为没有做好充分的准备，我们把运动会延期了。
(4)现在分词作评注性状语
有些现在分词在句中没有逻辑主语，它们往往作为句子的评注性状语来修饰整个句子，表明说话者的态度、观点等。例如：generally speaking“一般来说”， judging by/from…“从……判断”，taking everything into consideration“从全局考虑”。
例句
Judging from his behavior, he must be mad.
从他的行为来判断，他一定是疯了。