[词汇]1、vary vi.（根据情况）变化；改变various adj.各种各样的variety n.种类；多样化①vary with随…而变化②vary in在…方面不同③vary from…to…由…到…变化④vary between...and…在…与…之间变化⑤a variety of（=varieties of=various）各种各样的2、appropriate adj.合适的；恰当的appropriately adv.合适地；恰当地inappropriate adj.不合适①be appropriate for/to适合„„②It is appropriate（for sb.）to do sth.（某人）做某事是合适的。③It is appropriate that sb.（should）do…某人做…是合适的。3、approve vi.赞成；同意 vt.批准；通过approval n.批准；认可；赞成disapprove v.不批准；不赞成disapproval n.不赞成①approve of sth.同意/赞同某事②approve of one’s/sb.doing sth.同意/赞同某人做某事4、witness vt.当场看到；目击；见证 n.目击者；证人①be（a）witness to sth.目击某事发生②bear/give witness to sth.为某事作证；证明某事5、employ vt.使用；应用；雇用employee n.雇员；雇工employer n.雇主employment n.工作；雇用；从业unemployment n.失业①employ sb.to do sth.雇用某人做某事②employ sb.as sth.雇用某人当……③be employed in（doing）sth.=employ oneself in（doing）sth.忙于（做）某事，从事某活动6、differ vi.相异；不同于different adj.不同的differently adv.不同地difference n.区别；不同之处①make a difference有影响②differ from与…不同/有区别（=be different from）③differ in在…方面不同④differ with sb.on/about/over sth.与某人在某事上持不同看法7、favour vt.较喜欢；选择；有利于n.帮助；恩惠；赞同favourite adj.最喜欢的favoured adj.受到优待的；得到偏爱的favourable adj.赞成的；同意的；有利的；给人好印象的①do sb.a favour帮某人一个忙②ask sb.a favour=ask a favour of sb.请某人帮忙③owe sb.a favour欠某人一个人情④in favour of支持，赞同⑤in one’s favour对某人有利8、anger n.愤怒；怒气 vt.使生气；激怒angry adj.生气的angrily adv.生气地；气愤地①in anger生气地②show anger显示愤怒；生气③to one’s anger使某人生气的是④be filled with anger（=be full of anger）充满怒气⑤contain/hold back one’s anger抑制某人的怒火⑥be angry with生……的气⑦control one’s anger强压怒火⑧anger sb.激怒某人9、reliable adj.可靠的；可信赖的rely vi.依赖；依靠①rely on sb.to do sth.依赖某人做某事②rely on it that…（=depend on it that…）相信……10、assessment n.评价；评定assess vt.评估；评价①assess sb./sth.as sth.评定……为……②assess sth.at sth.对……评价为……11、reveal vt.揭示；显示；露出revealing adj.发人深省的；揭露性的；暴露的12、clarify vt.使更清晰易懂；阐明；澄清①clarify one’s position阐明某人的立场②clarify a situation/problem澄清情况/问题13、tendency n.趋势；倾向tend v.倾向；易于①have a tendency to do sth.倾向于做某事②a tendency to/towards… …的倾向/趋势③tend to do sth.易于做某事，往往会发生某事④tend towards…有…的趋势，倾向于…14、occupy vt.占据；占用occupied adj.被占用的；忙的occupation n.工作；职业；居住；占用①occupy oneself with（=be occupied with）忙于②occupy oneself（in）doing［=be occupied（in）doing］忙于15、stare vi.盯着看；凝视 n.凝视【拓展】各种“看”.①stare at盯着看②gaze at凝视③glare at怒视④glance at瞥一眼⑤look at看⑥fix one’s eyes on盯着看16、distinguish vi.&vt.区分；辨别distinguished adj.卓越的，显著的，杰出的①distinguish（between）A and B区别/辨别A和B②distinguish A from B使A有别于B③distinguish oneself by…靠…使自己有名气④be distinguished for…（=be famous for…）因…而出名17、embarrassed adj.难堪的；尴尬的embarrass vt.使难堪；使尴尬embarrassing adj.令人尴尬的；令人难堪的embarrassment n.尴尬to one’s embarrassment令人尴尬的是18、ashamed adj.羞愧；惭愧①be ashamed of为…感到惭愧/羞耻②be ashamed to do sth.耻于做某事；因难为情而不愿做某事【辨析】ashamed与shameful（1）ashamed“感到羞耻的”，用来修饰人，多作表语（2）shameful“可耻的，丢脸的”，用来指事物或行为，多作定语19、bother vi.&vt.费心；麻烦；因…操心 n.麻烦；不便①bother sb.with sth.为某事打扰或麻烦某人②bother about/with sth.为某事烦恼③bother to do sth.费心做某事④It bothers sb.to do sth./that…使某人苦恼的是…20、conflict n.&vi.矛盾；冲突；抵触conflicting adj.矛盾的①come into conflict with与…冲突；与…战斗②in conflict with与…冲突，与…矛盾③A conflicts with B=A and B conflict A和B相冲突21、adjust vt.调整；调节 vi.&vt.适应；（使）习惯adjustable adj.可调节的adjustment n.调整，调节①adjust…to…根据…调节…②adjust to（doing）sth.适应于；习惯于③adjust oneself to sth.使自己适应于某物④make adjustments to对…作出调整22、react vi.（对…）起反应；回应；（对食物等）有不良反应reaction n.反应①react to 对…做出反应②react with 与…发生化学反应23、by contrast相比之下（=in contrast）24、by comparison（与…）相比较【拓展】有关“compare”的词组①make a comparison作比较②in comparison with与…相比③compare A with B把A和B进行比较④compare A to B把A比作B⑤compared with与…相比25、break down消除；分解；打破；（机器等）出故障；失败【拓展】有关“break”的词组①break up解散；破碎；结束②break through突破；冲破③break away（from）脱离；逃脱④break in强行进入；插话⑤break into强行进入（某处）；突然开始（笑、唱等）⑥break out（战争、火灾等）爆发26、in other words换句话说；也就是说=namely=that is to say【拓展】有关“word”的词组①in a word总之，简言之②in words用语言③have a word with不……谈话④have words with不……吵架⑤keep one’s word遵守诺言⑥break one’s word失信；不守诺言27、call on（短暂地）访问；要求（某人讲话等）；正式邀请；号召【拓展】有关“call”的词组①call for需要②call at拜访某地③call up打电话；使想起④call back回电话⑤call off取消⑥call in召集；召来28、make inference推理；推断29、straighten up直起来；整理；收拾整齐30、at work有某种影响；在工作[语法]动词ing形式作宾语和表语一、动词ing形式作宾语1、作动词的宾语接动词ing形式作宾语的常用动词（短语）有：avoid，miss，delay/put off避免错过少延期advise，finish，practise建议完成多练习enjoy，imagine，can’t help喜欢想象禁不住admit，deny，envy承认否定与嫉妒escape，risk，excuse逃避冒险莫原谅stand，keep，mind忍受保持不介意2、作介词的宾语在下面的短语中，常用动词ing形式作介词的宾语：be good at，dream of，care about，be concerned about，be interested in，feel like，insist on，think of，aim at，set about，be used to；get down to；lead to；devote oneself to；look forward to；stick to；pay attention to。3．在以下结构中，动词ing形式作介词的宾语，介词常省略。spend…（in）doing花费……做某事have difficulty/trouble（in）doing…做……有困难/麻烦stop/prevent…（from）doing阻止……做某事waste time（in）doing浪费时间做某事be busy（in）doing忙于做某事have a good/hard time（in）doing高兴做某事/费了很大劲做某事There is no point（in）doing做某事毫无意义4．动词ing形式作宾语时的几个特殊情况（1）动词ing的复合结构。＋动词ing【动词ing的复合结构的否定形式】形容词性物主代词/代词（宾格）/名词（宾格）/名词’s所有格＋not doing…。（2）某些动词及动词短语后面既可以用不定式也可以用动词ing作宾语。①动词begin，start，continue等词后既可跟不定式，又可跟动词ing作宾语，意义基本相同。②动词love，like，hate等后可跟动词ing和不定式作宾语，但接动词ing表示经常性的情况，接不定式表示具体的动作。③一些动词后既可跟动词ing作宾语，又可跟不定式作宾语，但意义有很大差别。【对比记忆作宾语的动词含义】îï（3）用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语是动词ing形式。其结构如下：主语＋＋it＋＋doing…（4）在动词need，require，want，deserve后，用动词ing形式表示被动含义，即need/require/want/deserve doing＝need/require/want/deserve to be done。（5）在（be）worth后面只能用动词ing形式来表示被动含义。二、动词ing形式作表语1、动名词用作表语【辨析1】作表语用的动名词和现在进行时态动名词说明主语的情况或性质，其内容在逻辑上等于主语的内容；现在分词说明动作是由主语完成的（即表示主语正在进行的动作）。【辨析2】动名词（短语）和不定式（短语）作主语或表语的区别表示比较抽象、一般的行为，不跟特定的动作执行者联系在一起时，多用动名词（短语）；表示具体某次行为、特别是将来的行为，往往跟特定的动作执行者联系在一起时，多用不定式。但在多数情况下，两者差别不太大，可以互用。2、现在分词用作表语现在分词作表语，总是跟在系动词之后，构成复合谓语。现在分词作表语，表示主语所具有的特征。许多作表语的现在分词几乎已经形容词化，可以用副词修饰，也可以有比较级形式。这类常见的现在分词有amazing, amusing, annoying, astonishing, boring, charming等。【注意】（1）现在分词作表语时，系动词除be外还有appear, sound, look, become, come, get, go, grow, keep, remain, seem等。（2）现在分词作表语用时，相当于形容词，表示性质或状态；进行时态中的分词是谓语动词的组成部分，表示具体的动作，两者不可混淆。[写作]课文重点句1、In Japan,it may demonstrate respect to look down when talking to an older person.（状语从句中的省略）在日本，和年长的人说话时目光向下以表示尊敬。2、Placing your hands together and resting them on the side of your head while closing your eyes means“sleep”.（状语从句中的省略）双手并拢放在头的一侧，同时闭上眼睛表示“睡觉”。3、And if we are feeling down or lonely, there is nothing better than seeing the smiling face of a good friend.（“否定词+比较级”表示最高级含义）而且如果我们感到沮丧或孤独，没有什么比看到好朋友的笑脸更好的了。4、People have a tendency to lean towards whatever they are interested in.（whatever引导名词性从句）人们往往倾向于自己感兴趣的东西。5、Whatever it is,I know I need to inquire and assess what is going on.（whatever引导让步状语从句）不管是什么，我知道我需要调查和评估所发生的事情。6、Of course, not everyone who looks up is paying attention in class.（部分否定）当然，不是每个抬头的人都专注于课堂。7、It is as though they are asleep with their eyes open.（with复合结构）他们好像睁着眼睛在睡觉。8、Students who are angry, afraid, or experiencing anxiety may have their arms crossed in front of their chests and their legs closed or crossed，like they are guarding their bodies.（have sth.done）生气、害怕或者焦虑的学生会双臂交叉抱在胸前，他们的腿并拢或交叉，就像他们在保护自己的身体。读后续写素材积累情感描写——恐惧l I lay there quivering with fear.我躺在那里害怕得发抖。l Frozen with fear, he was too scared to move an inch.他吓得僵住了，吓得寸步难行。l Numb with a blank mind, they couldn’t let out a scream anymore with palms sweating.由于头脑一片空白，他们几乎发不出声并且手掌一直出汗。l I become spooked from ghost stories and scary movies.我被鬼故事和恐怖电影吓坏了。l Last night,I dreamed about being chased by an angry dog.I really had my heart in my mouth.昨晚我梦到被一条疯狗追，吓得我心都提到嗓子眼了。l That loud noise scared me out of my wit.那声巨响把我的魂都吓没了。l With heart fluttering with terror, without hesitation they rushed to the door, opened it and slammedly shut the wooden door as promptly as they could.他们吓得心怦怦直跳，毫不犹豫地冲向门口，打开门，尽可能迅速地关上木门。l That dog really scared the pants of me.那条狗真的把我吓坏了。l The horror movie made my hair stand on end.那部恐怖电影使我毛骨悚然。l I was almost scared to death when there were intermittent footsteps outside the window.我差点吓死了当窗户外有断断续续的脚步声。l She trembled all over, feeling like sitting on pins and needles.她浑身颤抖，如坐针毡。l Judy was scared silly, as she said.朱迪被吓傻了，正如她所说。l It’s really creeping me out,I can’t sleep at all.它真的让我毛骨悚然，我根本睡不着。l My face turned pale and stood there tongue-tied.我脸色苍白，站在那儿舌头打结。l Judy said I should try Bungee, but I had cold feet.朱迪说我应该体验一次蹦极，但我就是不敢。l Stop shaking in your boots,Bob.I’m not going to fire you.别提心吊胆的，鲍勃，我不会炒了你的。