【衍生词汇】
1．awake adj.醒着的→awaken vt.&vi.唤起，被唤起；(使)醒来
2．describe vt. 描述，描写→ description n. 描述，描写，形容
3．determine v. 确定，决定，支配；决心→determined adj. 坚决的，坚定的→determination n. 决定，决心
4．devote v. 致力于，投入→devoted adj. 献身的，忠诚的→devotion n. 奉献，忠诚，热爱
5．sense n. 感觉，感官→sensitive adj.感觉敏锐的；体贴的；敏感的
6．sum vt.总结，概括→summary n．总结，概括，概要
【一词多义】
1．reflect vt.&vi. 反映，映出(影像)；反射(声、光、热等)；沉思
①She could see herself reflected in his eyes. 反映，映出(影像)
②The windows reflected the bright afternoon sunlight.反射(声、光、热等)
③On the way home he reflected that the interview had gone well.沉思
2．appeal vi. 有吸引力；申诉；呼吁 n. 吸引力
①The prospect of living in a city holds little appeal for me. 吸引力
②The police made an appeal to the public to remain calm. 呼吁
③The design has to appeal to all ages and social groups. 吸引
【核心词汇短语用法归纳】
achievement n. 成就，成绩；达到，完成
[例1] We felt a great sense of achievement when we reached the top of the mountain.
当我们到达山顶的时候，有一种巨大的成就感。
[例2] It was a remarkable achievement for such a young player.
如此年轻的选手有这样的成绩真是了不起。
[造句] 他们对孩子们的成绩感到自豪。
They were proud of their children’s achievements.
[归纳拓展]
(1)achievement n． 成就；达到，完成
make achievements 取得成就
a sense of achievement 一种成就感
(2)achieve v. 达到；完成；成功
achieve one’s goal 实现某人的目标
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①He has made a great achievement (achieve) as a musician.
②Everybody should be given the chance to achieve (achieve) their goals.
③He will never achieve anything if he doesn’t work harder.
④She has a list of achievements(achievement) of which she is proud.
appeal to (对某人)有吸引力；(使某人)感兴趣；(向某人)呼吁
(教材P44)Let a little song appeal to the ear, or a great book to the heart, and we discover a new world, a world of dreams and magic.
让一首短歌愉悦我们的耳朵，让一部巨著触动我们的心灵，这样我们便会发现一个全新的世界，一个充满梦想和魔力的世界。
[例1] The police have appealed for witnesses to come forward.
警方呼吁证人挺身而出。
[例2] I relied on an appeal to his finer feelings.
我寄希望于能引起他的好感。
[造句] 他们需要激发他的正义感。
They need to appeal to his sense of justice.
[归纳拓展]
(1)appeal to sb.for sth. 为某事向某人呼吁或请求
appeal to sb.to do sth. 恳求/呼吁某人做某事
(2)make an appeal to sb.for sth.
为某事向某人呼吁或请求
make an appeal to sb.to do sth.
恳求/呼吁某人做某事
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①We made an appeal to the villagers for money to build the bridge.
②The Prime Minister appealed to young people to use (use) their votes.
③The Students’ Union makes an appeal to us students to do housework in our spare time.
④We should appeal to people to save the things that the nature offers us.
attempt vt.&n.努力，尝试，试图
(教材P53)After coming in empty handed for 84 days，Santiago attempts to catch a huge fish.
圣地亚哥84天没有捕捉到一条鱼了，他试图钓条大鱼。
[例1] He made an attempt to break the world record.
他试图打破世界纪录。
[例2] Every time I attempt to convince her，but in vain.
每一次我都试图说服她，但都不起作用。
[造句] 我第一次考驾照就通过了。
I passed my driving test at the first attempt.
[归纳拓展]
(1)attempt n．&vt. 尝试；努力；试图
make an attempt/attempts to do/at doing/on sth.
尝试/试图做某事
in an attempt to do sth. 试图做某事
at the first attempt 首次尝试
attempt to do sth. 尝试做某事
(2)attempted adj. 未遂的
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①He attempted to compete (compete) for the position of chairman of the Students’ Union.
②It is said that the case is an attempted(attempt) murder.
③Parents are making an attempt to protect their kids by giving whatever they have.
④If you fail at the first attempt, there is no need to care about that.
capable adj.有能力的，有才能的，能力强的
(教材P45)One who reads it is capable of seeing the beauty that was hidden from his eyes before.
读到这句诗的人可以发现他们曾视而不见的美。
[例1] She’s a very capable teacher.
她是一位能力很强的教师。
[例2] The kitchen is capable of catering for several hundred people.
这间厨房可为数百人提供饮食。
[造句] 你有能力做得比这更好。
You are capable of better work than this.
[归纳拓展]
(1)be capable of… 有能力……
(2)capability n. 才能，能力；容量
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Age affects the range of a person’s capabilities (capable)．
②He’s quite capable of lying (lie) to get out of trouble.
③I’m perfectly (perfect) capable of doing it myself, thank you.
④They have the capability to destroy the enemy in days rather than weeks.
confused adj.糊涂的，混乱的
(教材P54)Now you are getting confused in the head, he thought.
现在你正变得头脑不清醒了，他心里想。
[例1] If you’re confused about anything, phone me.
如果你对什么事有疑问，打电话给我。
[例2] “What’s this place？” I asked，still confused.
我问：“这是什么地方？”，还是很困惑。
[造句] 我对他刚才说的话感到困惑。
I was confused with what he said just now.
[归纳拓展]
(1)confuse vt. 使糊涂，使混乱
confuse sb.with sth. 因某事而使某人糊涂
confuse sth.with sth. 把……跟……混淆
(2)confused adj. 感到迷惑的
be confused about… 对……感到迷惑
(3)confusing adj. 令人迷惑的
(4)confusion n. 迷惑，混乱；令人迷惑的事情
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Please don’t confuse Australia with Austria.
②The film is so confusing (confuse) that I can’t understand it.
③Your confusing(confuse) explanation really made her at a loss.
④From the confused(confuse) look on his face，I could tell that he couldn’t follow me.
contain vt.包含；容纳；容忍；克制(强烈的感情等)
(教材P45)To achieve this, it should contain two elements: universal interest and personal style.
为此，它应包含两个要素：普遍兴趣和个人风格。
[例1] The stadium is large enough to contain 10，000 audience.
这个体育场足够大，能容纳1万名观众。
[例2] He was so excited that he could hardly contain himself.
他太激动了，以至于无法控制自己。
[造句] 这本书中包含你需要的所有信息。
This book contains all the information that you need.
[归纳拓展]
contain oneself 克制自己；自制
container n. 容器
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The little girl could hardly contain herself(her) for joy when she opened the parcel.
②Be careful of information contained(contain) in advertisements.
③The book contains (contain) a lot of pictures taken during my childhood.
④She bought a bag large enough to contain the books.
[明辨异同] contain, include
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contain |
通常用来指某容器中盛有某物、装有某物；还可指某种物质中含有某种成分或含有其他物质，指作为组成部分而被包含或容纳在内 |
|
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include |
通常表示把某事物作为其中的一部分包含在内，在句中常构成分词短语sth.included或including sth. |
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[小片段填空]
The box ①contains a number of letters，②including those from her admirers and of course his letters ③included as well.Seeing the ④container, I can’t contain myself any more.(contain/include)
defeat vt.&n.击败，战胜；失败，战败
(教材P53)He is extremely good at describing the adventures of tough men who he believes “can be destroyed but not defeated”．
他非常善于描述那些强硬人物的冒险经历，他认为这些人“可以被摧毁，但不能被打败”。
[例1] The mayor defeated all opponents in the last election.
在上次竞选中，市长击败了所有的对手。
[例2] The world champion has only had two defeats in 20 fights.
这个世界冠军在20场拳击赛中只败过两场。
[造句] 不管什么样的挑战都难不住她。
Whatever kind of challenges can not defeat her.
[明辨异同] defeat，beat，win
|
defeat |
多指击败敌军或入侵者，也可用于比赛中战胜对手。 |
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beat |
多指打败或战胜对手，后可接人名或地名。 |
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win |
多指赢得比赛、辩论、战斗等。 |
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①His army was quickly defeated (defeat) by the enemy that week.
②Britain won (win) five gold medals in the last Olympic Games.
③He always beats(beat) my brother at chess.
determine vt.&vi. 确定，决定，支配；决心
(教材P44)The first step is to determine some of its significant qualities.
第一步是要确定文学的一些重要品质。
[例1] A date for the meeting has yet to be determined.
会议日期尚待确定。
[例2] We set out to determine exactly what happened that night.
我们着手调查那天晚上发生的事情。
[造句] 他决心要援救他的两个校友。
He determined to rescue his two schoolmates.
[归纳拓展]
(1)determine to do sth. 决定做某事(表示动作)
(2)determined adj. 坚决的，坚定的
be determined to do sth. 决心做某事(表示状态)
(3)determination n. 决心
with determination 坚决地，果断地
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①From his determined (determine) look, we can know his confidence.
②There were many diving spots in the area and Larry was determined to visit (visit) all of them.
③He determined to go(go) home after work at once.
④The work needs long patience and determination(determine)．
[小片段填空]
He is well known as a ①determined man because he always fights his illness with ②determination．I ③determined to learn from him.In other words, I ④was determined to become a strongminded girl as well.(determine)
feature n．&vt.特色，特征；以……为特色，是……的特征
(教材P50)Read the PPT slides below and try to understand the features of each type.
阅读下面的PPT幻灯片，并尝试了解每种类型的特征。
[例1] Teamwork is a key feature of the training
programme.
团队合作是这项训练计划的重要特点。
[例2] It’s a great film and it features a Spanish actor who is going to be a world star within a year.
那是一部精彩的电影，它由一位西班牙演员主演，他一年之内就会成为国际明星。
[造句] 你挑选轿车时要着重哪些特点？
Which features do you look for when choosing a car?
[归纳拓展]
feature sb./sth. (as sb./sth.)
以……为特色；由……主演；
以……为主要组成
feature in sth. 起重要作用；占重要地位
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①This restaurant is always featuring (feature) excellent cooking.
②Her eyes is one of her most striking features (feature)．
③Roundtheclock service features(feature) this store.
④Jon featured in one of the show’s most thrilling episodes(插曲，片段)．
particular adj.特别的，格外的；特指的，挑剔的
(教材P48)Teachers in particular can provide suggestions for interesting reading materials…
尤其是老师会给一些……有趣的阅读材料提供建议。
[例1] I am not particular about my clothes while my wife minds what I wear.
我不怎么讲究着装，我的妻子却很在乎我穿什么。
[例2] Is there a particular type of book he enjoys?
他有特别喜爱的一类书籍吗？
[造句] 那个男孩特别喜欢网络游戏。
The boy likes the Internet games in particular.
[归纳拓展]
(1)in particular 尤其，特别
be particular about/over… 对……挑剔，讲究
(2)particularly adv. 特别是，格外，异乎寻常地
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①The boy likes anything to do with nature in particular.
②We are particularly (particular) grateful to him for his timely help.
③Mary is going on a diet, so she is very particular about/over food.
reflect vi.思考 vt.映射；反射；反映；思考
(教材P45)Some truth and beauty remain unnoticed until a sensitive human soul brings them to our attention, just as the shell reflects the unnoticed sounds.
有些真与美一直不为人所察觉，直到一个敏锐的人类灵魂让它们引起我们的注意，这就正如贝壳把那些被人忽视的声音呈现出来一样。
[例1] A newspaper report seems to reflect the view of most members of Congress.
报纸的一篇报道似乎反映了国会多数议员的观点。
[例2] His image was reflected many times in the mirror.
他的影像被镜子多次反射。
[造句] 我们的报纸旨在表达当地人民的心声。
Our newspaper aims to reflect the views of the local community.
[归纳拓展]
(1)reflect …in … 在……中映出……
be reflected in 倒映在；反映在
reflect on/upon sth. 反省/认真思考某事
(2)reflection n. 反射；反照；反映；映像；沉思
on reflection 再三考虑
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①English writing is the reflection (reflect) of students’ English level.
②She could see her face reflected(reflect) in the car’s windshield.
③At first I thought it was a bad idea, but on reflection I realized she was right.
④Reflecting(reflect) on her volunteer experience, Tina felt proud of what she had achieved.
sensitive adj.感觉敏锐的；体贴的；敏感的；灵敏的
(教材P45)Some truth and beauty remain unnoticed until a sensitive human soul brings them to our attention, just as the shell reflects the unnoticed sounds.
有些真与美一直不为人所察觉，直到一个敏锐的人类灵魂让它们引起我们的注意，这就正如贝壳把那些被人忽视的声音呈现出来一样。
[例1] The classroom teacher must be sensitive to a child’s needs.
课堂教师必须理解孩子的需求。
[例2] Employment is a very sensitive issue.
就业是一个非常敏感的问题。
[造句] 我的牙齿对冷食过敏。
My teeth are very sensitive to cold food.
[归纳拓展]
(1)be sensitive to… 对……敏感
be sensitive about… 神经过敏的，易生气的
(2)sensible adj. 明智的，意识到的
be sensible of 意识到……，认识到……
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①I think that’s a very sensible (sense) idea.
②He’s very sensitive (sense) about his weight.
③I am sensible of the fact that mathematics is not a popular subject.
④She is very sensitive to other people’s feelings.
significant adj.有重要意义的，显著的
(教材P44)The first step is to determine some of its significant qualities.
第一步是要确定文学的一些重要品质。
[例1] There are no significant differences between the two groups of students.
这两组学生没有明显差别。
[例2] Your work has shown a significant improvement.你的工作有了显著进步。
[造句] 很明显，在考试中女生一般比男生做得好。
It is significant that girls generally do better in examinations than boys.
[归纳拓展]
(1)It is significant that … 很明显……
(2)significance n. 意义，意思，重要性
be of significance to… 对……有重要意义
attach significance to… 认为……重要(to为介词)
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①In my view, practicing handwriting is of great significance to the students’ growth.
②As time goes by, I attach more great significance to doing (do) what I am doing now.
③The new drug has great significance(significant) for the treatment of the disease.
④I think it was significant that he never knew his own father.
【长难句解析】
1．(教材P44)Then the man explained that the child heard nothing strange, and that the shell caught a range of sounds too faint for human ears.
[分析] 此句为主从复合句。其中两个that引导的从句，作动词explain的宾语。第一个that可以省略，但第二个that不能省略。
[译文] 随后，男子解释说孩子并没有听到什么奇怪的声音，而是贝壳捕捉到了各种对人的耳朵来说太微弱的声音。
2．(教材P45)Some truth and beauty remain unnoticed until a sensitive human soul brings them to our attention, just as the shell reflects the unnoticed sounds.
[分析] 此句为主从复合句。其中until引导时间状语从句；as 引导方式状语从句，翻译为“正如……，如同……一样”。
[译文] 有些真与美一直不为人所察觉，直到一个敏锐的人类灵魂让它们引起我们的注意，这就正如贝壳把那些被人忽视的声音呈现出来一样。
3．(教材P45)When Christopher Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus asks in the presence of Helen, “ Was this the face that launched a thousand ships？” he opens a door through which our imagination enters a new world, a world of love, beauty and heroism.
[分析] 此句为主从复合句。when 引导时间状语从句；that引导定语从句，修饰先行词face; 介词through＋which 引导定语从句，修饰名词door，其中which 代指先行词door。
[译文] 当克里斯托弗·马洛笔下的浮士德博士当着海伦的面问道，“这就是让一千艘战船起航的那张面孔吗？”他便打开了一扇门，而我们的想象力则通过这扇门抵达了一个充满爱、美和英雄主义的新世界。
【核心句型】
关系副词where引导的定语从句
(教材P44)In a word, we have now reached a point where we wish to enjoy and understand literature.
总之，我们现在已经到了希望理解并欣赏文学的地步。
[句式分析]
where we wish to enjoy and understand literature是定语从句，修饰先行词point。当point作先行词时，若定语从句中缺少状语，用关系副词where引导定语从句。
[例1] At that time we had reached a point where we had more black readers than white ones.
那时候我们已到了黑人读者比白人读者还要多的阶段。
[例2] You have reached a point where medicine can’t help.
你已经到了无药可救的地步。
[造句] 我们到了必须改一改的地步。
We have reached a point where a change is needed.
[知识拓展]
当先行词是stage, point, case, situation, position, job, business, scene等表示抽象地点的名词，并且定语从句缺少状语时，常用关系副词where引导定语从句。
[翻译1] Today we’ll discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language properly(英语初学者对英语使用不当的情况)．
[翻译2] It put me in a position where I can’t afford to take the job(使我陷入了一种不能接受此职位的境地)．
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①He gets into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong.
②She wants a job where her management skills can be put to good use.
③After graduation she reached a stage in which she needed to decide what to do.
④Can you think of a case in which the word is properly used?
“介词短语＋动词＋主语”完全倒装句式
(教材P44)Behind every book is a man，behind the man is the race, and behind the race are the natural and social environments．
每本书的背后都是人，人的背后是民族，民族的背后是自然和社会环境。
[句式分析]
此句为完全倒装句。当句首为表示地点的副词或介词短语，主语是名词而不是代词，且谓语动词是be，stand，sit，lie，live，come等时，为了保持句子平衡或使上下文衔接更紧密，常使用完全倒装结构。
[例1] In front of our house lies a river where we used to swim.
我们家前面有一条河，过去我们常常在那儿游泳。
[例2] Near the city was a volcano.
离这座城不远处有一座火山。
[造句] 墙上有两张旧照片。
On the wall were two old pictures.
[知识拓展]
(1)表示地点的介词短语/表示时间、地点的副词/形容词/分词＋系动词＋主语
(2)表示方位、时间、地点的副词(out, in, up, away, here, there, between等)＋实义动词＋主语
[翻译1] There stands a stone bridge(有一座石桥) across the river.
[翻译2] In came(进来)a little girl，with a book in her hand.
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①Between you and your dreams stands (stand) a lot of hard work.
②Present at the evening party were (be) our teachers yesterday.
③John opened the door.There stood(stand) a girl he had never seen before.
④On the back wall hangs(hang) an old painting.
be doing …when …句式
(教材P44)A child and a man were walking on the beach when the child found a shell and held it to his ear.
一个孩子和一个男子在沙滩上散步时，孩子突然发现了一个贝壳，并拿起放在耳边。
[句式分析]
be doing …when …“(某人)正在做……这时(突然)……”，when 为并列连词，表示“这时；突然”，相当于and at this/that time。
[例1] Last Monday, I was walking in the street when I suddenly saw an old man fall off his bicycle.
上周一，我正在街上散步，突然看到一位老人从自行车上摔了下来。
[例2] One day，the cow was eating grass when it began to rain heavily.
一天，奶牛正在吃草，这时突然开始下起了大雨。
[造句] 我正在候诊室里面坐着，这时一个年轻人走了进来。
I was sitting in the waiting room when a young man entered.
[知识拓展]
be about to do…when… 正要做……这时(突然)……
be on the point of doing …when …
正要做……这时(突然)……
had just done …when … 刚做完……这时(突然)……
[翻译1] I had just sat down when (我刚坐下，这时)the light went out.
[翻译2] I was about to go swimming when(正要去游泳，这时) our guide saw me and shouted at me.
[即学即练] 单句语法填空
①I was about to give(give) up when my best friend encouraged me to go on.
②She was on the point of opening(open) the window when someone knocked at the door.
③I had(have) just finished my exam paper when the bell rang.
④They were playing happily on the playground when it began to rain.