新必修三 Unit 4 SPACE EXPLORATION

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[词汇精讲]

1. determined adj.有决心的；意志坚定的

教材原句

However, some scientists were determined to help humans realise their dream to explore space.

然而，一些科学家决意要帮助人类实现他们探索太空的梦想。

常用搭配：

be determined to do sth决心做某事（表状态）

联想词：①determine vt．查明；确定；决定

determine on/upon (doing) sth决定（做）某事

determine to do sth决定做某事（表动作）

e.g. He determined to start early. =He determined on an early start. =He determined on starting early．

他决定早点出发。

e.g. I left, determined never to come back again．

我离开了，下定决心再也不回来了。(作状语时，只能用determined)

②determination n.决心

联想拓展 “决定／决心做某事”的其他表达

decide to do sth, make a decision to do sth, make up one’s mind to do sth。

2. launch vt．& n.发射；发起；上市

教材原句

On 4 October 1957, the Sputnik 1 satellite was launched by the USSR and successfully orbited around Earth.

1957年10月4日，苏联发射的人造卫星“旅伴一号”成功绕地飞行。

e.g. Our marketing people have come up with a great idea for the launch of the new model．

我们的营销人员为新型号的上市想出了一个好主意。

常用搭配：

launch into sth/launch yourself into sth（热情地）开始做，投入

launch out开始从事，投身于（新事情，尤指有风险的事）

e.g. He launched into a lengthy account of his career．

他开始啰啰唆唆地讲述自己的工作经历。

e.g. It’s time I launched out on my own.

该是我自己创业的时候了。

3. disappointed adj.失望的；沮丧的

教材原句

These disasters made everyone sad and disappointed, but the desire to explore the universe never died．

这些灾难让每个人都感到悲伤和沮丧，但探索宇宙的欲望却从未消失。

常用用法：

be disappointed at/about/with sth对某事感到失望

be disappointed to see/hear/find sth因看见／听到／发现某事而感到失望

be disappointed (that)…很失望……

e.g. Local residents were disappointed with the decision.

当地的居民对这个决定感到很失望。

e.g. We are disappointed that you will not be able to come.

你不能来，这让我们很失望。

联想词：

①disappointing adj．令人失望的

②disappointment n．失望；令人失望的人或事

to one’s disappointment令某人失望的是

4. desire

①n．渴望；欲望；愿望

教材原句

These disasters made everyone sad and disappointed, but the desire to explore the universe never died.

这些灾难让每个人都感到悲伤和沮丧，但探索宇宙的欲望却从未消失。

常用搭配：

.have a/no desire for sth渴望／不想得到某物have a/no desire to do sth渴望／不想去做某事

e.g. In the American 3D animation Moana, the heroine Moana has a strong desire to sail to the island across．

在美国3D动画片《海洋奇缘》中，女主人公莫阿纳强烈地想要航行到对面的岛上。

②vt．渴望；期望

e.g. The hotel has everything you could possibly desire.

你想要的东西在这家酒店应有尽有。

常见用法 desire sth渴望某事／物

desire to do sth渴望做某事

desire + that引导的宾语从句（从句谓语为should do形式，should可省略）期待／渴望……

e.g. Here almost every individual desires to live in peace with neighbours．

这里几乎每个人都盼望与邻里和睦相处。

e.g. The parents in China as well as students desire that the current education system (should) he adjusted to ensure their good sleep．

中国的家长和学生们都渴望现行的教育体制得以调整以确保他们良好的睡眠。

联想拓展 “渴望（做）某事”的其他表达

have a hunger/thirst for sth

long for sth/to do sth

starve for sth

be eager/anxious/dying/hungry/thirsty for sth/to do sth

e.g. He always has a strong thirst for knowledge．

他总是有很强的求知欲。

5. carry on继续做，坚持干

教材原句

This is because people believe in the importance of carrying on space exploration despite the huge risks．

这是因为人们坚信继续进行太空探索的重要性，哪怕面临巨大的风险。

常用搭配 carry on doing sth继续做某事

carry on with sth继续某事

e.g. After her husband’s death, she carried on managing the hotel.

丈夫死后，她继续经营着旅馆。

e.g. Once the decision has been made, we will carry on doing it no matter what happens．

一旦作了决定，无论发生什么事情，我们都会继续下去。

e.g. Carry on with your work while I’m out.

我外出的时候，你接着干吧。

联想拓展：含有carry的其他常用短语

carry off成功地完成（困难的事情）；赢得

carry out实施；执行

carry through顺利完成；帮助……渡过难关

e.g. We should carry out the plan to the full．

我们应该尽可能地执行这项计划。

e.g. It’s a difficult job but she’s the person to carry it through．

这是一项艰巨的工作，但是她是能够顺利完成它的那个人。

6. on board 在宇宙飞船上；在船上；在飞机上

教材原句

It orbits Earth and has astronauts from different countries on board, providing a continuous human presence in space．

它环绕地球运行，并搭载来自不同国家的宇航员，为人类在太空中提供了持续的存在。

联想词 board n．板；布告牌；委员会；董事会；（旅馆等提供的）伙食 vi．＆ vt．[正式]登上（船、车或飞机等）vi．（在学校）寄宿

boarding card登机卡，登船卡

boarding school寄宿学校

易混辨析 board，aboard，abroad与broad的含义区别

7. independent adj.独立的

e.g. The more independent you are, the better your life will be．

你越独立，你的生活就越好。

反义词dependent adj.依赖的；依靠的

联想词①independently adv.独立地

教材原句

China became the third country in the world to independently send humans into space in 2003, when Yang Liwei successfully orbited Earth in the Shenzhou 5 spacecraft.

中国在2003年成为世界上第三个独立将人类送入太空的国家，当时杨利伟搭乘“神舟五号”飞船成功地环绕地球飞行。

②independence n．独立；自主

③dependence n．依靠；依赖

④depend vi．依靠；依赖

depend on/upon依靠；依赖；由……决定；取决于

e.g. Do you depend on the ocean for your livelihood？

你靠海洋谋生吗？[BBC]

e.g. It (all)/That depends．那得看情况。

8. signal

①vi．＆ vt．标志着；表明；发信号；示意

教材原句

This signalled one step further in China’s plan to establish a space station in the future．

这标志着中国未来建立空间站的计划又向前迈进了一步。

常用搭配：

–signal to sb示意某人

–signal (to) sb to do sth示意某人做某事

e.g. She signalled to the children to come inside．

她示意孩子们进来。《朗文当代》

②n．信号；标志

e.g. In our class, when the hell rang and the teacher closed his book, it was a signal for everyone to stand up.

在我们班里，铃声响起、老师合上书是所有人该起立的信号。

易混辨析 signal, sign, symbol与mark的用法区别

9. so as to (do sth) 为了；以便

教材原句

In space, astronauts collect all dirty water so as to recycle it for later use．

在太空中，宇航员收集所有的脏水，以便之后循环使用。

e.g. The government should encourage more people to use public transport and bicycles so as to ease the traffic jam.

为了缓解交通拥堵状况，政府应鼓励更多的人使用公共交通工具和自行车。

易混辨析 so as to, in order to, so that与in order that 的用法区别

10. lack

①n.缺乏；短缺

教材原句

Astronauts’ bones and muscles can get very weak in space due to the lack of gravity, so they need to exercise every day, which will help them stay healthy.

由于缺乏重力，宇航员的骨骼和肌肉在太空中会变得非常脆弱，所以他们需要每天锻炼，这将有助于他们保持健康。

常用搭配 (a)lack of缺乏

for lack of因缺乏

e.g. You can’t be successful when there’s a lack of trust in a relationship．

在一种缺乏信任的关系中你是不可能成功的。

e.g. More and more high-rise buildings have been built in big cities for lack space．

在大城市由于缺乏空间，人们建起了越来越多的高楼。

②v．没有；缺乏

e.g. I’m afraid that I Jack experience in terms of this position.

恐怕我缺乏这一职位的相关经验。

常用搭配 lack (for) nothing什么也不缺

联想词 lacking adj.缺乏的；不足的

be lacking in缺少（后常接表示抽象概念的名词，如patience，confidence)

e.g. Indeed he is a great scholar, but he is lacking in common sense.

他确实是一位伟大的学者，但是他缺乏常识。

11. otherwise adv.否则：要不然

教材原句

Astronauts have to use tape to stick everything down while working in space because everything would float off otherwise．

宇航员在太空工作时必须用胶带把所有东西粘在一起，否则所有东西都会飘走。

e.g. Seize the chance, otherwise you will regret it．

抓住机会，要不然你会后悔的。

e.g. We didn’t know you were in trouble at that time, otherwise we would have given you a hand．

我们当时不知道你遇到了困难，要不然我们会帮助你的。

常用搭配 or otherwise或其他情况；或相反

e.g. He is not concerned with its accuracy or otherwise.

准确与否他不考虑。

熟词生义 otherwise作副词还有“在其他方面”的意思，相当于in other or different ways。

e.g. The rent is high, but otherwise the house is satisfactory.

房租是贵，可这房子在别的方面倒令人满意。

e.g. He is noisy，but otherwise a nice boy.

他很吵闹，但在其他方面他是个好孩子。

12. beyond

prep．在更远处；超出；晚于；非……可及

adv.在另一边：在更远处

教材原句

Sending people to other planets or even beyond the solar system is not an easy goal to achieve．

把人类送到其他星球甚至太阳系以外的地方不是一个容易实现的目标

常用搭配：

beyond compare无与伦比

beyond recognition认不出来

beyond repair无法修理

beyond one’s power (to do sth)某人无权（做某事）

beyond (one’s) expectations出乎（某人的）意料

beyond description无法形容；难以描述

beyond words/expression难以言表；无法表达

beyond (one’s) reach（某人）够不着；超出（某人的）能力范围

beyond one’s control超出某人的控制；不受某人的控制

e.g. I’m sorry it’s beyond my power to make a final decision.

对不起，我无权作最后的决定．

13. argue

①vt．＆ vi．论证；争辩；争论

教材原句

Some people argue that we should stop wasting time and money exploring space．

一些人认为我们应该停止浪费时间和金钱探索太空。

常见用法：

argue sb into/out of doing sth说服某人做／不做某事

argue for/against据理赞成／反对

argue that…主张……；认为……

e.g. They argued him into withdrawing his complaint.

他们说服他撤回了投诉。

e.g. In this paper, I argue for the following two points．

本篇论文中，我有如下两个论点。

e.g. He argued that they needed more time to finish the project．

他认为他们需要更多的时间采完成该项目。

②vi．争论；争吵

常用搭配 argue with sb about/over sth就某事与某人争论

e.g. The committee is concerned about players’ behaviour, especially arguing with referees.

委员会很关注运动员的行为，特别是与裁判争吵的行为。

联想词 argument n．争论；争吵；论点

an argument, about/over…关于……的争论／辩论

have an argument with sb与某人争论

14. result in导致；造成；结果是……

教材原句

It has directly resulted in the many satellites that now orbit Earth．

它直接导致了如今有许多环绕着地球的人造卫星。

联想拓展：

result作名词时表示“后果；结果”，作动词时表示“（因……）发生；（随……）产生”。常用搭配有：

result from由……造成

as a result结果

as a result of由于；因为

with the result that…结果是……

易混辨析 ①result in与result from的用法区别

②as a result与as a result of的用法区别

15. limited adj.有限的

教材原句

Seeing pictures of our planet as an island in a black sea made people realise that our planet’s resources are limited．

看到我们的星球犹如一片黑海中的一个岛屿，人们意识到我们星球的资源是有限的。

联想词 ①limit n．[C]限度；极限vt．限制；制约

a limit to sth某事的限度

above/over/below the limit超出／高于／低于限度

limit sth to…将某事限定在……上

be limited to sth局限于某处（团体／范围）

e.g. Seating is limited to 500．座位限定在500个。

e.g. The teaching of history should not be limited to dates and figures.

教授历史不应该局限于日期和人物。

②limitation，n．限制；制约

16. provide for sb提供生活所需

教材原句

In order to provide for such a rapidly increasing population, scientists are trying to find other planets that could one day be our new home．

为了供养增长如此迅速的人口，科学家们正在努力寻找有一天可能成为我们新家的其他行星。

e.g. He provided for his family by selling newspapers.

他靠卖报来养活他的家人。

联想拓展：

provide vt．提供；供应

provide for sth为某事做准备

provide sth for sb=provide sb with sth向某人提供某物

provide that…（法律或规章）规定……

e.g. It is said that the management will provide food and drink.

据说管理部门将供应饮食。

e.g. They provided some necessary support for the sufferers.

他们为受难者提供了一些必要的援助。

17. in closing 最后

教材原句

In closing, exploring space provides the world with many different benefits．

最后，探索太空为世界提供了许多不同的好处。

e.g. In closing, I would like to remind you that each person has a gift and a purpose in life．

最后，我要提醒大家，每个人都有天赋和生活的目标。

联想拓展 表示“最后”的常见短语

at last最后；终于 in the end终于，最后

in short总而言之

18. run out 用完：耗尽

教材原句

It is necessary to find a new home for people in space, as the resources on Earth will run out．

有必要在太空中为人们找到一个新家，因为地球上的资源将会耗尽。

特别注意 run out用于进行时，可表示将来含义，即某物即将用完。

e.g. My patience was running out.／I Was running out of patience．

我快没耐心了。

e.g. My money is running out, so I must go to the bank to draw some out before I have none in hand．

我的钱快用光了，所以我必须在身无分文之前去银行取些钱出来。

联想拓展：含有run的其他常用短语

run across偶然碰见run after追逐；追赶；追求（某人）

run away逃走；回避

run into撞上；偶然碰见；遇到（困难等）

易混辨析 run out，run out of．use up及give out表示“用完：耗尽”时的用法区别

19. attach vt．系；绑；贴：连接；把……附在……上：认为……重要

教材原句

While sleeping, they must attach themselves to something so as to prevent floating around．

睡觉时，他们必须把自己系在某物上以防止到处飘浮。

e.g. A metal key was attached to the string．

细绳上系着一把金属钥匙。

e.g. During the operation, Mr Liu had a new hand attached.

手术期间，刘先生被接上了一只新手。

常用搭配：

attach…to…把……附在……上

attach importance to…重视……；认为……很重要

attach oneself to和……在一起；缠着某人

e.g. I’ll attach my comments to this page．

我将把我的评语附在这一页上。

e.g. My parents always attach great importance to my getting a good education．

我的父母一直认为让我接受良好的教育很重要。

e.g. A young man attaches himself to Tom．

一个年轻人总是缠着汤姆。

联想词

①attached adj．附属于；爱慕

be attached to sb/sth喜欢某人／某物；附属于某较大的机构

e.g. We’ve grown very attached to this house．

我们变得非常喜欢这座房子。

e.g. The research unit is attached the university.

这个研究单位附属于这所大学。

②attachment n．爱慕；依恋；附属物；附件

他很抱歉伤害了她。

[长难句解读]

1. China’s space programme started later than those of Russia and the US, but it has made great progress in a short time.

句意：中国的太空计划起步比俄罗斯和美国晚，但在短时间内取得了巨大的进步。

知识拓展 one，the one，that及those的指代用法

在英文表达中，为了避免重复，常用代词one，the one， that和those替代前面出现的名词。

one具有泛指作用，它指代上文提到的那一类事物中的“任意一个”；

the one具有特指作用，它指代上文提到的或者特指的“那一个”；

that与the one意思相同，特指同类事物的“那一个”，区别是that也可替代不可数名词，the one则不能；those是that的复数，指代前面出现的复数名词，相当于the ones。

e.g. The students in our class work harder than those in their class．

我们班的同学比他们班的同学学习更刻苦。

e.g. the books are rather difficult for me. Please get me some easier ones．

这些书对我来说太难了，请给我一些比较容易的（书）。

e.g. The population of China is larger than that of Japan.

中国的人口比日本的多。

e.g. This TV set is much more expensive than that/the one in the window．

这台电视机比橱窗里的那台(电视机)贵多了。

2. China became the third country in the world to independently send humans into space in 2003, when Yang Liwei successfully orbited Earth in the Shenzhou 5 spacecraft.

句意 中国在2003年成为世界上第三个独立将人类送人太空的国家，当时杨利伟在“神舟五号”飞船中成功地绕地球轨道飞行。

3 Then Shenzhou 6 and 7 completed a second manned orbit and the first Chinese spacewalk, followed by the vehicle Jade Rabbit being sent to the moon to study its surface.

句意 随后，“神舟六号”和“神舟七号”分别完成了第二次载人轨道飞行和中国人的第一次太空行走。接着，“玉兔”月球车被送往月球研究其表面。

[重点句型总结]

句式1 This/That is why…（+结果）这／那就是为什么……

This/That is because…（+原因）这／那是因为……

链接课文 This is because people believe in the importance of carrying on space exploration despite the huge risks．

这是因为人们坚信继续进行太空探索的重要性，哪怕面临巨大的风险。

经典例句

e.g. That is because we are all very active and the activities are not only enjoyable but also helpful.

那是因为我们都很活跃，而且这些活动不仅令人愉快而且很有帮助。

e.g. This is Why he went back to his roots and rediscovered the beauty in Chinese folk music．

这就是他回归故乡，重新在中国民间音乐中发现美的原因。

e.g. That is why fish prefer shallow water to deep water because the former is warmer．

那就是为什么鱼儿喜欢浅水胜过深水，因为浅水处更暖和。

句式2 not only/just… but also…不但……，而且……

知识拓展

(1) not only/just… but also…连接的并列成分作主语时，谓语动词的人称和数遵循“就近原则”，即谓语动词与but also后的主语在人称和数上保持一致。用法类似的结构还有either… or…，neither… nor…，not…but…等。

(2)not only放在句首，其所在的分句要用部分倒装结构。

链接课文 Despite the difficulties，scientists hope future discoveries will not only enable us to understand how the universe began, but also help us survive well into the future.

尽管困难重重，但科学家们希望未来的发现不仅能让我们了解宇宙是如何开始的，而且还能帮助我们在未来更好地生存。

经典例句

e.g. …the barbecue is not just a piece of cooking equipment hut the word the Australians use for a popular way of entertaining friends．

……烤架不仅仅是一件烹饪设备，它还是澳大利亚人款待朋友的一种常用方式的词。

e.g. Not just the students but also their teacher likes playing football.

不仅学生喜欢踢足球，他们的老师也喜欢。

e.g. Not only does he want to set up a new school, but also he wants to give some money to the poor．

他不仅想要建一所新学校，还想给穷人一些钱。

[语法突破]

重点1、动词不定式（短语）作定语

教材原句

①However, some scientists were determined to help humans realise their dream to explore space．

然而，一些科学家决意要帮助人类实现他们探索太空的梦想．(不定式短语to explore space作定语，修饰dream)

②…on 12 April 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first person in the world to go into space.

……1961年4月12日，尤里·加加林成为世界上第一个进入太空的人。(不定式短语to go into space作定语，修饰first person)不定式（短语）作定语一般情况下会置于所修饰词的后面，并且与被修饰的词之间构成一定的逻辑关系。

(1).主谓关系

被修饰词是不定式动作的发出者。此时被修饰词通常

由only，very，next，last，序数词或者形容词的最高级修饰。

e.g. He’s always the first person of the team to put forward the solution to the problem．

他总是团队里第一个提出问题解决方案的人。

(2).动宾关系

被修饰同是不定式动作的承受者。此时需要注意，如果动词不定式中的动词是不及物动词，其后应接必要的介词。

e.g. There are many interesting things to see there．

那里有许多有趣的东西可以看。

e.g. You might think that with all these dangerous animals Australia is an unsafe place live in or visit．

你也许会认为澳大利亚有这么多危险的动物，在这里居住或到这里旅游是很不安全的。

特别注意 动词不定式与所修饰词之间是动宾关系时，若句中有其逻辑主语或者是说话人做该动作时，用主动形式表示被动意义；若没有其逻辑主语或说话人不做该动作，则用被动形式。

e.g. I have a letter to write. 我有一封信要写。（“我”写）

e.g. The old lady has a letter to be written．

老妇人有一封信要写。（老妇人自己不会写信，是让别人帮忙写）

(3).修饰关系

动词不定式对所修饰的词起到补充说明的作用。这些被修饰词一般为：ability，ambition，attempt，chance，courage, time, decision, effort, failure, offer, promise, right, way, wish, reason等。

e.g. The voluntary service gives you a chance to change lives，including your own.

志愿服务给你一个改变生活的机会，包括（改变）你自己的生活

e.g. You should grasp the ability to solve the complex problems．

你应该掌握解决复杂问题的能力。

(4).动词不定式（短语）作后置定语可以表示“将要完成或将要被完成”的含义。

e.g. The airport to be completed next year will help promote tourism in this area．

明年将要完工的机场将有助于促进这一地区的旅游业。

重点2、动词不定式（短语）作状语

教材原句

①Looking up at the stars, people have always wanted to learn more about space, and scientists work hard to find answers．

仰望星空，人们总是想要更多地了解太空，科学家们也在努力工作去寻找答案。（动词不定式短语to find answers作目的状语）

②For example, America’s NASA space agency launched Voyager 1 on 5 September 1977 to study deep space, and it still transmits data today．

例如，1977年9月5日，美国国家航空与航天局发射了“旅行者一号”去研究外太空，时至今日它仍在传送数据。（动词不定式短语to study deep space作目的状语）

③First of all, you must be intelligent enough to get a related college degree．

首先，你必须足够聪明才能获得相关的大学学位。（动词不定式短语to get a related college degree作结果状语）

(1).作目的状语，相当于in order to/so as to do sth。

e.g. To earn enough money, he worked late into the night.

为了赚足够的钱，他工作到深夜。

e.g. He ran quickly in order to/so as to catch the last bus.

为了能赶上末班车，他跑得很快。

(2).作结果状语

动词不定式（短语）作结果状语常用于以下结构：

①so…as to do sth/such… as to do sth太……以至于做某事

e.g. Would you please be so kind as to help me？

您能好心帮帮我吗？

e.g. He is such a fool as to believe them.

他如此傻以至于相信他们。

②表示出乎意料的结果，常与only，never等连用。

e.g. He went to school early only to find nobody was there．

他早早地去了学校，结果发现学校里没人。

e.g. She went abroad never to return．

她出国了，再也没回来。

③too…to do sth太……以至于不能做某事

e.g. The box is…small to hold all these things.

这个箱子太小以至于装不下这些东西。

④…enough to do sth足够……做某事

e.g. The girl was lucky enough to get train ticket.

这个女孩足够幸运抢到了一张火车票。

(3).作原因状语

“sb be+ adj.+ to do”句型中，动词不定式作的是状语，形容词通常是angry，delighted，excited，glad，pleased，sorry，surprised等表示情绪的词。

e.g. He was sorry to have done her harm.

他很抱歉伤害了她。