1、include 包含、包括
including（现在分词）
included（过去分词）
There are seven people in my family, which includes my uncle.
我们家共7个人，其中包括我叔叔。（include指整体中包含部分）
=There are seven people in my family, including my uncle.
=There are seven people in my family, my uncle included.
=There are seven people in my family, and my uncle is included.
2、because, because of 因为
because是连词，后面接句子，because of是短语介词，后面接名词或代词。
①Our manager didn’t attend our party because he was busy.
因为忙，经理没有参加我们的集会。
=Our manager didn’t attend our party because of busyness.
②Jack didn’t come to school yesterday because he was ill.
因为生病，杰克昨天没上学。
=Jack didn’t come to school yesterday because of his illness.
以下短语介词相当于because of的用法，以后会逐渐接触到：thanks to，owing to，
due to，as a result of，on account of
3、actually 事实上 =in fact=in reality=as a matter of fact=in effect
He pretended to be rich. Actually, he has little money.
他假装很富有，其实他没有什么钱。
=He pretended to be rich. In fact, he has little money.
=He pretended to be rich. In reality, he has little money.
=He pretended to be rich. As a matter of fact, he has little money.
4、present adj. 现在的；出席的，到场的
at present 现在=presently=now
易混点：present因意思不同，在句中的位置也不一样。
①Most people are satisfied with the present government.
大多数人对本届政府感到满意。
②All the people present agreed to our plan.
所有出席的人都赞成我们的计划。
③At present, many people enjoy sports in their spare time.
现在，很多人喜欢在业余时间锻炼身体。
注意：present出席的，参加的，放在被修饰的名词后边。除此之外，present n. 礼物
present vt. 赠送（注意读音不同）
He presented me a present at my birthday party.
5、command sb to do sth/order sb to do sth
命令某人做某事
command和order均具有“命令”的含义，用法大致相同，二者均指正式下命令，而且
这种命令具有绝对权威性，不得违抗，必须服从。不同之处是，command侧重用于军事
方面，而order除可用于军事方面外，还可指一般的命令，并含有规劝的意思。试比较：
①The general commanded/ordered his men to attack the city.
将军命令其战士攻打城市。
②The doctor has ordered her a month’s rest in bed.
医生要他躺一个月。
③If you make any more noise, I shall order/command you out of the hall.
要是你们还吵吵嚷嚷的，我就叫你们滚出大厅。
6、request，ask，beg，require
这几个动词都有“请求，要求”的意思，但有区别。
①当“请求”讲时，ask最通俗，最口语化。
I asked her to shut the window.
我请她把窗户关上。
②request也是“请求”的意思，但主要用于庄重的讲话和文字中，常用于通告中，多
用于被动语态。
Passengers are kindly requested not to smoke in the car.
乘客请勿在车厢（或汽车内）抽烟。
③beg是“乞求”的意思，态度很谦恭。要求他人给予较大的帮助。
He knew he had hurt her and begged her to forgive him.
他自知伤了她的心而央求她原谅。
④require是上对下，长辈对子女或依法进行的某种要求。
Before the match the police required us to show our tickets.
比赛之前，警察要求我们出示看票。
These books are required reading.
这些书是必读的。
7、in the direction of还是to the direction of？
英语中表示方向的介词多用to，但是，朝……方向，不能说to the direction of，要
用in the direction of。
①The horse ran away in the direction of the forest.
马朝森林方向跑去了。
②After school the children went home in every direction.
放学之后，同学们朝不同方向回家了。
除此之外，常见的表示方向的介词还有：
③They will leave for Beijing this afternoon.
他们下午到北京去。
④The dog is coming at the stranger.
狗朝那个陌生人扑去。
⑤They swam towards the island.
他们向小岛游去。
⑥The enemy was surrounded from different directions.
敌人被四面八方包围了。